Mass Extinction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Language Acquisition :: essays research papers fc

CONTENT Presentation †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦......†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦  â â â â 3 Fundamental body 1. Language securing †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦.†¦.......†¦Ã¢ â â â â 4 2. The phases of language obtaining †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦....†¦......†¦..  â â â â 5 2.1. The prelinguistic stage †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦.........†¦...........†¦Ã¢ â â â â 7 2.2. Chattering †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦........†¦...........†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦  â â â â 7 2.3. Single word expressions †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦....†¦...........†¦Ã¢ â â â â 9 2.4. Two-word expressions †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..............†¦..†¦....  â â â â 10 2.5. Transmitted discourse †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦........†¦...†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢ â â â â 13 2.6. Language getting the hang of during the pre-school period †¦..â â â â â 16 3. The basic time frame †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.......†¦  â â â â 17 4. The synopsis of practices to expect of kids with typically creating discourse and language †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢ â â â â 19 5. The language procurement can't be accelerated †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.  â â â â 20 6. Tips to help create discourse correspondence in a youngster †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..â â â â â 22 End †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..  â â â â 24 List of sources †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.  â â â â 25 Presentation      Children’s obtaining of language has for some time been viewed as one of the exceptionally characterizing attributes of human conduct.      Still today, it is the familiar way of thinking that youngsters procure their primary language through impersonation of the guardians, parental figures or the individuals in their condition. Language specialists also had a similar conviction until 1957, when a then generally obscure man, A. Noam Chomsky, propounded his hypothesis that the ability to get language is in truth natural. This altered the investigation of language securing, and after a concise time of contention upon the distribution of his book, Aspects of the Theory of Syntax, in 1964, his speculations are presently commonly acknowledged as to a great extent evident. As a result, he was answerable for the rise of another field during the 1960s, Developmental Psycholinguistics, which manages children’s first language obtaining. He was not the first to scrutinize our up to this point quiet acknowledgment of a far from being obviously true idea †some time before, Plato thought about how kids might gain so mind boggling an ability as language with so little experience of life. Examinations have obviously recognized a capacity to observe grammatical subtleties in exceptionally youthful babies, despite the fact that they are still at the pre-phonetic stage. Offspring of three, in any case, can control convoluted grammatical sentences, despite the fact that they can't tie their own shoelaces, for instance. Without a doubt, language isn't an aptitude, for example, numerous others, such as figuring out how to drive or perform numerical tasks †it can't be educated as such in these beginning times. Or maybe, it is the securing of language which entrances etymologists today, and how it is conceivable. Noam Chomsky turned the world’s eyes to this mysterious inquiry when it was accepted to have a misleadingly basic clarification.      Further in this research paper I will portray the phases in kid language acquistion beginning from the very birth of a baby till the beginning of adolescence. LANGUAGE ACQUISTION There are numerous realities that are charming about the language.

Top 100 Hospital Free Essays

What makes a best 100 Hospital http://www. resource4pharmacymalpractice. com/carelessness. We will compose a custom article test on Top 100 Hospital or on the other hand any comparable point just for you Request Now html http://www. ccohs. ca/oshanswers/legisl/msdss. html#_1_1 What makes a main 100 Hospital Toi Lynn Santamaria DeVry University HSM310 online Professor Tammy Cagle What makes a best 100 Hospital The Cleveland Clinic is in the best 20 of the best 100 Hospitals. Its official position is fourth. The Cleveland Clinic is commending 90 years of magnificent help. It opened its entryways February 28th 1921. It was established by four Doctors, Dr. George Crile, Dr. Honest Bunts. Dr. William Lower and Dr. John Phillips. In 1921 it was the main medical clinic of its sort, a not-revenue driven gathering practice devoted to tolerant consideration upgraded by research and instruction. (http://myclevelandclinic. organization/90th-commemoration. aspx). The Hospital was worked with all the most recent hardware accessible around then. The Cleveland Clinic rapidly grew out of its structure having more included the years to come. The Cleveland Clinic has achieved numerous clinical first. The Worlds first cine-coronary angiography, the principal distributed coronary vein sidestep medical procedure, first effective larynx transplant and the first close to add up to confront transplant. (http://myclevelandclinic. rg/90th-commemoration. aspx). Catastrophe was additionally a piece of the past for the Cleveland Clinic. On May 15, 1929 more than 120 individuals kicked the bucket from a blast of x-beam film put away in the cellar. One of the authors, John Phillips likewise passed on from the exhaust . Forthright Bunt s had kicked the bucket out of nowhere years sooner. The clinic was in a condition of ruin. Be that as it may, the two residual authors Dr. Crile and Dr. Lower utilized their own resources for modify the Cleveland facility. Today it has more than 37,000 representatives, 16 wellbeing communities and 9 territorial emergency clinics. 4 areas, one in Cleveland , Florida, Nevada and Canada with another opening in 2013 in Abu Dhabi. They are devoted to their patients. They give network effort and health programs. They are an encouraging clinic through the Lerner inquire about organization school. They have individuals from everywhere throughout the world going to them for care. From the rich and popular to the common individual. They give wellbeing and wellbeing web recordings and online wellbeing talks. I feel the Cleveland Clinic is one of the main 100 Hospitals for some reasons. For one it has stood the trial of time being in administration for a long time. They have 16 claims to fame and 26 foundations. They are on the main edge of innovation and an innovator in clinical advancements. They offer back to their locale. They are associated through an unpredictable framework through the web. Clinical records can be seen online just as arrangements can be set up by means of the web. They keep on doing examination to help battle illnesses. They are a world chief in heart care. They draw in the most splendid personalities to come work for them. They are not as intrigued by benefits as they are in the nature of care they provide for every patient. They likewise care for their representatives from the Doctors to the janitors. It’s an incredible work environment based on a brilliant notoriety of care. A huge number of lives have been spared. They are one of the biggest emergency clinic on the planet. They are positioned inside the main 22 of every 16 different claims to fame in the United States. On the off chance that I had some sickness be it coronary illness or malignant growth I couldn't want anything more than to be treated at this clinic. I trust I would have a superior result and individual consideration that is amazing. The four originators would be glad for what the Cleveland Clinic has become. References The Cleveland Clinic site recovered on November 20,2011 from http://my. clevelandclinic. organization/90th-commemoration. aspx The most effective method to refer to Top 100 Hospital, Essay models

The Different Between Male and Female Entrepreneur free essay sample

Under agreement number SBAHQ-06-M-0480 Previous research has indicated the exhibition of ladies possessed firms slacking male-claimed firms on variables, for example, yearly deals, work development, salary, and adventure endurance. Explanations behind the distinctions are frequently conjectured, yet exact tests have verifiably experienced information with a predetermined number of control factors on the inspirations and attributes of the proprietors. Also, a large number of the past examinations have experienced survivor predisposition as they study existing (or enduring) organizations. This investigation tries to decide why an exhibition contrast exists for female-and male-possessed endeavors. By and large Findings When different variables are controlled for, sexual orientation doesn't influence new pursuit execution. Be that as it may, a few factorsâ€differing desires, explanations behind beginning a business, inspirations, openings looked for and sorts of businessesâ€vary between the sexes, and these outcome in varying results. Such perceptions ought to be considered when looking at the results of adventures across sexual orientations. Features While sexual orientation was indicated not to influence new pursuit execution when inclinations, inspiration, and desires were controlled for, the distinctions saw among men’s and women’s new undertakings incorporate the accompanying: †¢ Men had more business experience preceding starting the business and better standards. We will compose a custom paper test on The Different Between Male and Female Entrepreneur or on the other hand any comparative subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page †¢ Women business visionaries had a bigger normal family unit size. †¢ The instructive foundations of male and female business visionaries were comparative. †¢ Women were more outlandish than men to buy their business. †¢ Women were bound to have positive incomes, however men were bound to claim a business firm. Female proprietors were bound to lean toward okay/bring organizations back. †¢ Men invested somewhat more energy in their new pursuits than ladies. †¢ Male proprietors were bound to begin a business to bring in cash, had better standards for their business, and accomplished more research to recognize business openings. †¢ Male business visionaries were bound to establish mechanically concentrated organizations, organizations that lose their upper hand all the more rapidly, and organizations that have a less topographically limited client base. †¢ Male proprietors burned through more energy scanning for business openings and this held up when different elements were controlled for. Contrasts among ladies and men concerning adventure size and hours are clarified by control factors, for example, earlier beginning up and industry experience. †¢ Researchers and policymakers need to comprehend that reviews which don't consider the varying idea of people claimed firms could bring about misdirecting results. Extension and Methodology The information utilized was from the Panel Study of Entrepreneurial Dynamics (PSED). The PSED catches little endeavors all things considered and is a self-revealed study. The subset utilized was an example This report was created under an agreement with the Small Business Administration, Office of Advocacy, and contains data and examination that was checked on and altered by authorities of the Office of Advocacy. In any case, the last finishes of the report don't really mirror the perspectives on the Office of Advocacy. of delegate business people who began in 1998 and 1999, bringing about 685 usable new organizations. Ladies spoke to 349 cases as they were oversampled, and the information were weighted to represent the oversampling. Different proportions of execution result were examined, for example, adventure size. A considerable lot of the factors were on a scale from â€Å"no extent† to â€Å"a exceptionally incredible degree. † Econometric models were made to decide the relationship among the factors. The moderately little example size, brief timeframe outline, and early nature of the endeavors are constraints of the examination. This report was peer checked on predictable with the Office of Advocacy’s information quality rules. More data on this procedure can be gotten by reaching the executive of financial research at [emailprotected] gov or (202) 205-6533. Requesting Information The full content of this report and synopses of different investigations performed under agreement with the U. S. Private company Administration’s Office of Advocacy are accessible on the Internet at www. sba. gov/advo/investigate. Duplicates are accessible for buy from: National Technical Information Service 5285 Port Royal Road Springfield, VA 22161 (800) 553-6847 or (703) 605-6000 TDD: (703) 487-4639 www. ntis. gov Order number: PB2007-112634 Paper A05 ($31. 50) Microfiche A01 ($14. 00) CD-ROM A00 ($24. 00) Download A00 ($18. 95) For email conveyance of Advocacy’s bulletin, press, administrative news, and research, visit http://web. sba. gov/list. For Really Simple Syndication (RSS) channels, visit www. sba. ov/advo/rsslibrary. html. I. Official SUMMARY This report portrays a factual assessment of the similitudes and contrasts among male and female business people and their endeavors. The reason for the investigation was to increase a superior comprehension of the degree to which business enterprise by people is extraordinary. Utilizing information from the Panel Study of Ent repreneurial Dynamics, the example included 685 new businessmen who showed that they were beginning a business in 1998 or 1999. Inclinations, inspirations and desires are not haphazardly conveyed across sexual orientation. Breaking down the impact of auxiliary obstructions on new pursuit execution requires exact estimation of the impacts of sex on these things. Inability to gauge the impact of inclinations, inspirations and desires, or mistaken estimation of the impact of these variables, will prompt one-sided evaluations of the impacts of auxiliary hindrances, and over-or under-estimation of their belongings. Our investigation adds to the writing on sexual orientation contrasts in business by demonstrating the nearness or nonattendance of help for some past discoveries about sex contrasts in enterprising action. In particular, the more constrained discoveries appeared in the PSED, in contrast with past investigations, show the confinements of past examinations, and propose alert in expecting their legitimacy. In the first place, on the grounds that the PSED is a review of an agent test of individuals during the time spent beginning new organizations in the United States contrasts between the discoveries here and those of earlier investigations may exist on the grounds that the aftereffects of past examinations are curios of review and determination inclination. Second, contrasts may result from contrasts in â€Å"self-employment† from one viewpoint, and business development on the other. Third, the distinctions may be clarified by choice inclination in past examinations, similar to the Survey of Small Business Finances, which review enduring private companies. Fourth, the distinctions may exist due to imperceptibly heterogeneity in past examinations that look at information sources like the Statistics of Income and the Current Population Survey, which incorporate a predetermined number of factors. Our examination makes a few commitments to open strategy. To begin with, it shows that there is no proof in the PSED for the impact of sexual orientation on new pursuit execution when inclinations, inspiration and desires are controlled. Second, the examination gives data valuable to strategy producers who try to investigate whether government intercession is expected to beat basic boundaries to female inclinations, inspirations, and desires for new pursuits. 2 II. Foundation A wide assortment of research considers have indicated contrasts among male and female business people: inspirations for beginning organizations; their inclinations for adventure chance; the kinds of organizations they start; the procedure they use to recognize business openings; the size of their new businesses; the exertion they consume in creating of those organizations; their trust in their beginning up endeavors; their beginning up issues; their desires for the exhibition of their organizations; and their presentation results (Brush, 1992; Brush et al. , 2006; Carter et al. , 1997; Du Rietz 1999; Fischer 1992; Rosa et al. 1996; Sexton and Bowman-Upton, 1990; Van Stel 2003; and Verhuel et al. , 2004). Regardless of the abundance of studies on this point, a few scientists have interrogated the amount we comprehend concerning the likenesses and contrasts among male and female business people as a result of impediments of the information that have been utilized to investi gate this inquiry. These information are constrained in four different ways. Initially, numerous wellsprings of information, for example, the Current Population Survey, look at â€Å"self-work. † While independent work is a significant wonder, it's anything but a decent intermediary for new business creation. Numerous independently employed individuals don't make new organizations, and numerous individuals who make new organizations are sorted by the Census Bureau as â€Å"wage employed† in light of the fact that wage work is their essential wellspring of salary (Reynolds, 2000). Second, numerous wellsprings of information are very constrained in the data that they incorporate. Thus, examination of these information can't control for some, different variables, making the outcomes subject to the confinement that sexual orientation may just be proxying for in secret attributes that truly represent the distinctions saw in the information. Third, numerous information sources neglect to gauge enterprising movement from the earliest starting point of the procedure †that is, the point at which an individual starts to make another firm. Therefore, the information gathered from this procedure is profoundly particular (just business people running enduring firms are reached). In addition, the information assortment process includes a lot of review predisposition, as business visionaries are approached to recreate occasions, mentalities, and inspirations that occurred months, and regularly years, be

Six Personal Finance Authors You Should Follow on Twitter Right Now

Six Personal Finance Authors You Should Follow on Twitter Right Now Six Personal Finance Authors You Should Follow Right Now Six Personal Finance Authors You Should Follow Right NowWhy settle for reading just any author when you could read an author who will help you with you improve your finances? These writers all have books you can check out to get a better handle on your money and credit situation. Don’t have time for a book right now? Well you should follow their Twitter accounts so you can get their wisdom in bite-size chunks on the go!Beth Kobliner  @BethKoblinerBeth Kobliner is a journalist and best-selling personal finance author. In her most recent book, Make Your Kid a Money Genius, she offers parents a step-by-step guide to teaching their children about money and personal finance concepts. Follow her today for great personal finance tweets! Ric Edelman    @ricedelmanRic Edelman is a best-selling author and Executive Chairman of Edelman Financial Services, LLC. In his book, The Truth About Your Future. The Money Guide You Need Now, Later and Much Later, he explores how technology will affect the way we save, invest, and plan for the future. Jeanne Kelly    @creditscoopJeanne Kelly is a credit coach, speaker, and personal finance author. Her two books (The 90 Day Credit Challenge, and The Credit Makeover) seek to inform and assist readers with credit, credit scores, and credit reports. Follow her today for great credit advice!Thomas J. Stanley, Ph. D.  @thomasjstanleyThomas J. Stanley, Ph.D. was an advisor, researcher, and author of many books on the wealthy population in America. Follow his Twitter page, and check out his books, The Millionaire Next Door, and The Millionaire Mind. Teresa Ghilarducci  @tghilarducciTeresa Ghilarducci’s book, How to Retire with Enough Money, and How to Know What Enough Is, explores the ins and outs of saving enough for retirement. She explains how much you generally need in order to retire, and ways to stretch your money further and save faster. Jonathan DeYoe  @DeYoeWealthJonathan DeYoe is a financial planner and author of Mindful Mo ney. In his book he attempts to offer readers a guide to creating a specific financial plan that caters to their beliefs. Jonathan’s belief is that money is simply a tool that can be used to create the lifestyle that you want and deserve.

Problems with the Public Defence System - Free Essay Example

Problems with the public defense system A public defender is a lawyer who is appointed to defend individuals who cannot afford to hire a lawyer. Public defenders are appointed by the government and the provision of is stipulated by the law of those countries that have this provision. The law requires that there be a provision for adequate assistance of counsel to anyone accused of a crime who cannot afford their own representation. An individual presumed innocent and has a right to a fair trial in which he can defend himself against the charges leveled against him. With no access to counsel, an innocent person may be convicted of a crime merely because they happen to be poor. Providing competent counsel is the significant way of ensuring the proper operation of the constitution designed to protect the innocent and the less fortunate from unfair and unjust punishment, including death. As Justice Black recognized in Gideon v. Wainwright: Every individual therefo re has a right to an attorney as provided by the law, and this attorney is required to represent their client fully. This however in some instances has been made difficult and impossible even in some cases, due to the problems and difficulties that the public defence system is facing. Not all Individuals are Eligible. For instance not everyone qualifies for a public defender. An individual’s eligibility for a public defender is determined by their financial need. Therefore one has to provide financial documents that prove that they are unable to hire a lawyer, for an attorney to be assigned to them. Sometime these procedures are slow and end up taking too long before the individual’s case is assigned to a public defender. These slow procedures then cause the individual to be in jail for more days than necessary. Ineffective Counsel After the financial bit, comes the effectiveness of the appointed counsel. This is especially discouraging as the court appoint ed attorney sometimes are not as effective. The quality of representation of the client by the attorney is sometimes not the best and this is mostly due to the limited resources provided to the counsel or the work overload that the public defender has that cause them not to be fully prepared to represent the defendant in court. Excess Workload Public defense caseloads frequently far exceed national standards. For example, national standards limit felony cases to 150 a year per attorney. Yet felony caseloads of 500, 600, 800 or more are common. Unmanageable caseloads mean that many defenders simply don’t have time to do the most basic tasks, such as talk to their clients or do investigation. Many individuals get nothing more than a few minutes of their attorney’s time and a hurried guilty plea. The result: miscarriages of justice and convictions of the innocent. This has sometimes led to attorneys being sued for misrepresenting and failing their clients due to work overload. Sometimes public defenders out rightly refuse to represent clients, in such instances a lot of defendants are left with no representation which goes against their constitutional right to an attorney. However the defenders argue that lack of effective counsel due to work overload is well the same as going against or violating this right. Lack of Standards Not all states have clear standards when it comes to representations by public defenders and this obviously brings us back to the quality of representation. As a result of the lack of standards in some counties, the public defense system may be terrible in one county and totally different in another. So that you may find individuals with the same crime may have extremely different verdicts. Lack of Institutional Support Public defenders are burdened by lack of resources, unimaginable workload, limited supervision and very little training, oppressive police, stubborn clients, demanding judges and jurors all of whom they must work with and unhealthy working conditions. Studies of the system indicate that all these factors and tremendous pressure to process cases result to a constant stress on the public defenders which in turn leads to an increasing sense of disillusionment and cynicism about the job. Representation of defendants at the federal level is further complicated by new federal bail and speedy trial requirements, the sentencing guidelines, and mandatory minimum sentences, all of which have increased the pressure on public defenders, thereby causing a reduced ability to provide proper representation.[ committee to review the criminal justice act, report of the committee to review the criminal justice act (1993), reprinted in 52 crim. l. rep. (bna) 2265 (1993) [hereinafter review committee report]. Lack of funding Financing is a big issue for public defenders countrywide. This is such a big issue that some public defender offices are even refusing some cases and let ting go of others due to lack of resources and man power. There are some states whose public attorneys are funded by the local county governments. However most counties are short on cash and are not able to fund their public defender offices. This leaves there members of state without a choice if they do not have enough money to afford an attorney. Sometimes it goes as far as charging the defendants for some of the costs of their public defenders. For example in Louisiana the amount charged to individuals who go through the courts is said to pay a sizeable amount the budget for public defenders countrywide. This reliance on court fees stems from the severe underfunding of the public defense system which in turn leads to case overloads. Lack of Trust from the Public Public have a questionable independence as they report to elected officials. Thus one is left to question where their loyalties lie and whether they are acting impartially and being unbiased in their repres entation just to advance their employers interests. The public defense function should be independent from political influence and subject to judicial supervision only. To promote quality of services and efficiency and also to safeguard independence, a nonpartisan board should oversee defender assigned counsel systems. Ensuring that the judiciary is independent from political pressures is an important means of furthering the independence of the defense system. No counsel at all Many people that are accused of a crime get no lawyer at all. In 2002 one of California’s Counties had more than 12,000 guilty pleas that were entered by individuals who had no lawyers. In Georgia we have some counties that have been sued for failing to provide counsel to defendants, or delaying so long to appoint counsel, which leads to the pretrial wait in jail to be longer than the sentence would have been if convicted. In other places pressure is put on individuals to waive their constitut ional right to counsel, this is normally done to juveniles, so as to get a â€Å"deal† that is available only if they plead guilty to the crime they have been accused of immediately. Many courts with little to no challenge at all, accept this waivers. The consequences to these are often life-altering, such as loss of employment and sometimes even deportation. Very few jurisdictions comply with the U.S. Supreme Court’s latest ruling (Alabama v. Shelton 2002) extending the right to counsel to people receiving probation or a suspended sentence. Reports say that Washington DC almost 99 percent of defendants on housing eviction cases is unrepresented by attorneys. This means that these individuals may end up being evicted due to lack of proper representation. Counsel lacks sufficient time and space The defenders sometimes lack sufficient time to interview their clients before the preliminary examination and even trial. This is because the attorneys are informed of their new clients late, and in most cases they are always busy dealing with another case. By the time they get around to seeing the client it’s too late or too much time has passed and they are only left with few minutes to develop strategy and ground rules for both of them. This then leads to misrepresentation of the defendant by the defender, which is violating the defendant’s rights of legal counsel as they have not been fully represented. The space that is given for counsel is also is not confidential. An attorney should have confidential access to his client at all times for exchange of legal and any other information needed; this however is not the case. Lack of experience Sometimes defendants are assigned to counsel that has no experience in their case. Attorneys should never be assigned to case that they do not have experience or proper training to handle; this is overlooked especially when all the attorneys who could handle the case are overwhelme d with work load or are just not available to take up the case. This also leads to poor representation of clients and has dire consequences like harsh penalties and verdicts by the judge. Changing of Attorneys In some instances you may find a defendant having to be represented by two different attorneys in the same case. This is again mostly due to work overload that may lead to dates of case hearings clashing and thus a new attorney has to step in and represent the defendant. This leads to confusion and slow advancement of the cases. It is important that the same attorney represent the client continuously from the beginning of the case through the trial and till sentencing. Burn out and fatigue of attorneys. Most public defenders have a lot of cases to handle that they end up being burned out. The fatigue causes them to make judgment errors when making decisions on the representation of client cases which leads misrepresentation of the clients. This is unethical and totally unfair to the client as they may end up with life altering sentences put against them due to these errors. Families may lose their homes; individuals may end up being deported or families broken due to sentencing of many years in prison, leaving behind families that are bankrupt and have huge legal fees to pay. Many people are let go from prison after they are found to be innocent after they have spent many years in prison. These individuals had attorneys who represented them when they were found guilty in the first place. Some who are without lack, never find justice in the system, they instead die in prison after hoping and praying and later on resign to fate. Racism Some communities that suffer from inadequate provision of legal services to the poor are also subject to peculiar disabilities in the criminal justice system. The most recent wave of criminal justice reforms has included the enactment of laws that appear to be aimed at members of certain races, lea ding to higher levels of incarceration of African-American males. One of the most disturbing examples of race-based criminal law reform is the enactment of differing penalties for cocaine convictions based solely on the form in which the cocaine is possessed or distributed. In Minnesota v. Russell, five African-American males challenged a state criminal prosecution for possession of crack cocaine. The defendants alleged that African-Americans, who constitute ninety-six percent of those charged with possession of crack cocaine, and white Americans, who constitute nearly eighty percent of those charged with possession of powder cocaine, were treated differently in the imposition of penalties for what is essentially the same crime; possession or distribution of cocaine. Under Minnesota law at the time, the sentence for a conviction of possessing five grams of powder cocaine would likely result in probation. Alternatively, the sentence for a conviction of possessing five grams of crack cocaine would ordinarily result in a penalty of ten years imprisonment. Moreover, the data presented at trial by the defendants indicated that an offender convicted of selling a given amount of crack cocaine would receive the same sentence as would an offender convicted of selling one hundred times that amount of powder cocaine. The Minnesota Supreme Court concluded that the statute failed the rational basis test drawn from the equal protection clause of the state constitution, which in some respects is more stringent than the federal test. The federal courts have also noted the racial disparity in sentencing for cocaine possession and distribution caused by the dubious distinction drawn between crack and powder cocaine in the federal statutes. For example, Judge Louis of the District Court for the District of Columbia held in United States v. Walls that the statutory mandatory minimum sentences for crack cocaine possession in some circumstances constituted cruel a nd unusual punishment in violation of the Eighth Amendment. 4 Federal District Court Judge Clyde Cahill has also commented on the severe impact the disparity between crack and powder cocaine sentencing has had on the African-American community: While Congress may have had well-intentioned concerns, the Court is equally aware that this one provision, the crack statute, has been directly responsible for incarcerating nearly an entire generation of young black American men for very long periods, usually during the most productive time of their lives. Inasmuch as crack and powder cocaine are really the same drug, it appears likely that race rather than conduct was the determining factor. [United States v. Clary, 846 F. Supp. 768, 770 (E.D. Mo. 1994).] Underpaid attorneys Most public defenders push their clients into plea agreements just to get rid of them because they are being underpaid and have a lot of work. So the faster they can be done with it the better. This is because making a plea is faster than going to trial which will go on for days or even months. Pleas are fast and will enable the defender to handle more cases and therefore earn more money. For instance a court appointed attorney in Genesee County, gets $200 if the defendant pleads guilty before the trial date. In such instances the defender will push their client to plead guilty so that they may get the money. However attorneys who work in good public defender offices are paid a standard salary which is not determined by the number of cases they have handled. They therefore have no financial incentive whatsoever. We can therefore conclude that some of the attorneys do this to clear their work load. Over worked attorneys will push their clients to settle just so that they may get over and with the case and move on to the next as fast as they could. Also during these please, the attorney will push for a better deal if the client decides to retain them as private attorney or pa ys them more. Staffing shortage Staffing shortage is what has led to the numerous work overloads that in turn cause fatigue and burn out to the available attorneys. Due to the little pay most attorneys have moved to work with private firms where they can get a good amount of money for handling fewer cases. Most attorneys only work as public defenders so as to get experience and later on move to work in huge and established private firms, leaving the inexperienced attorneys to represent the defendants. Conclusion The insufficient funding in the public defender systems nationwide has resulted in inadequate training and resources to the public defense attorneys. Such structural limitations restrict public defenders ability to represent their clients effectively, and thus causing them to receive a lot of criticism from the general public as well as their clients. These negative feedbacks cause the public defenders to have psychological stress and develop cynicism towar ds the job. Moreover, the disproportionate presence of racial minorities among the clients relying on public defender system need to ensure that all defendants receive competent representation; else the criminal justice system will create further disparities in treatment of persons of different races. Many of the problems presently confronting public defender offices can be addressed by creating an independent Defender Services Center modeled after the Washington, D.C., Public Defender Service, to fund and streamline individual offices. Such a center would focus on providing ongoing defense attorney training and on developing and sustaining a positive office culture, two techniques proven effective in enhancing the effectiveness of the representation of the poor. Without such radical and substantial reform, we will continue to face the persistent problem of denying to those most in need the essential services necessary to ensure that the interests of justice are served.

Alignment Of Human Resource And Business Strategies Essay

Alignment of Human Resource and Business Strategies Human resource (HR) departments work alongside business leaders to support their company’s mission, vision, values and core business practices. They must create strategies that will guide their efforts toward achieving the company’s objectives. Business leaders develop business strategies to achieve company objectives and satisfy the needs of stakeholders. Successful HR management strategies develop align with an organization’s business strategy. According to authors Stewart and Brown, â€Å"these two types of strategy must work together to ensure high organizational effectiveness† (Stewart Brown, 2012, p. 40). This paper will explore these strategies in action by examining the core business and HR practices at Zappos.com. The paper will analyze Zappos’ HR and business strategies, HR department job positions, and ways it markets its company regarding human capital. Aligning Zappos’ HR Strategy with its Business Strategy Zappos.com was founded in 1999 by Nick Swinmurn. The company is a web-based retailer that has grown quickly over the last 16 years. The company began its venture with a vision to â€Å"create a web site that offered the absolute best selection in shoes in terms of brands, styles, colors, sizes, and widths† (â€Å"The Zappos Family Story,† n.d., para. 3). Today, the company has expanded their product lineup to include not only shoes, but also apparel, handbags, and other accessories. 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