Mass Extinction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Language Acquisition :: essays research papers fc

CONTENT Presentation †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦......†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦  â â â â 3 Fundamental body 1. Language securing †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦.†¦.......†¦Ã¢ â â â â 4 2. The phases of language obtaining †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦....†¦......†¦..  â â â â 5 2.1. The prelinguistic stage †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦.........†¦...........†¦Ã¢ â â â â 7 2.2. Chattering †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦........†¦...........†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦  â â â â 7 2.3. Single word expressions †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦....†¦...........†¦Ã¢ â â â â 9 2.4. Two-word expressions †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..............†¦..†¦....  â â â â 10 2.5. Transmitted discourse †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦........†¦...†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢ â â â â 13 2.6. Language getting the hang of during the pre-school period †¦..â â â â â 16 3. The basic time frame †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.......†¦  â â â â 17 4. The synopsis of practices to expect of kids with typically creating discourse and language †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢ â â â â 19 5. The language procurement can't be accelerated †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.  â â â â 20 6. Tips to help create discourse correspondence in a youngster †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..â â â â â 22 End †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..  â â â â 24 List of sources †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.  â â â â 25 Presentation      Children’s obtaining of language has for some time been viewed as one of the exceptionally characterizing attributes of human conduct.      Still today, it is the familiar way of thinking that youngsters procure their primary language through impersonation of the guardians, parental figures or the individuals in their condition. Language specialists also had a similar conviction until 1957, when a then generally obscure man, A. Noam Chomsky, propounded his hypothesis that the ability to get language is in truth natural. This altered the investigation of language securing, and after a concise time of contention upon the distribution of his book, Aspects of the Theory of Syntax, in 1964, his speculations are presently commonly acknowledged as to a great extent evident. As a result, he was answerable for the rise of another field during the 1960s, Developmental Psycholinguistics, which manages children’s first language obtaining. He was not the first to scrutinize our up to this point quiet acknowledgment of a far from being obviously true idea †some time before, Plato thought about how kids might gain so mind boggling an ability as language with so little experience of life. Examinations have obviously recognized a capacity to observe grammatical subtleties in exceptionally youthful babies, despite the fact that they are still at the pre-phonetic stage. Offspring of three, in any case, can control convoluted grammatical sentences, despite the fact that they can't tie their own shoelaces, for instance. Without a doubt, language isn't an aptitude, for example, numerous others, such as figuring out how to drive or perform numerical tasks †it can't be educated as such in these beginning times. Or maybe, it is the securing of language which entrances etymologists today, and how it is conceivable. Noam Chomsky turned the world’s eyes to this mysterious inquiry when it was accepted to have a misleadingly basic clarification.      Further in this research paper I will portray the phases in kid language acquistion beginning from the very birth of a baby till the beginning of adolescence. LANGUAGE ACQUISTION There are numerous realities that are charming about the language.

Top 100 Hospital Free Essays

What makes a best 100 Hospital http://www. resource4pharmacymalpractice. com/carelessness. We will compose a custom article test on Top 100 Hospital or on the other hand any comparable point just for you Request Now html http://www. ccohs. ca/oshanswers/legisl/msdss. html#_1_1 What makes a main 100 Hospital Toi Lynn Santamaria DeVry University HSM310 online Professor Tammy Cagle What makes a best 100 Hospital The Cleveland Clinic is in the best 20 of the best 100 Hospitals. Its official position is fourth. The Cleveland Clinic is commending 90 years of magnificent help. It opened its entryways February 28th 1921. It was established by four Doctors, Dr. George Crile, Dr. Honest Bunts. Dr. William Lower and Dr. John Phillips. In 1921 it was the main medical clinic of its sort, a not-revenue driven gathering practice devoted to tolerant consideration upgraded by research and instruction. (http://myclevelandclinic. organization/90th-commemoration. aspx). The Hospital was worked with all the most recent hardware accessible around then. The Cleveland Clinic rapidly grew out of its structure having more included the years to come. The Cleveland Clinic has achieved numerous clinical first. The Worlds first cine-coronary angiography, the principal distributed coronary vein sidestep medical procedure, first effective larynx transplant and the first close to add up to confront transplant. (http://myclevelandclinic. rg/90th-commemoration. aspx). Catastrophe was additionally a piece of the past for the Cleveland Clinic. On May 15, 1929 more than 120 individuals kicked the bucket from a blast of x-beam film put away in the cellar. One of the authors, John Phillips likewise passed on from the exhaust . Forthright Bunt s had kicked the bucket out of nowhere years sooner. The clinic was in a condition of ruin. Be that as it may, the two residual authors Dr. Crile and Dr. Lower utilized their own resources for modify the Cleveland facility. Today it has more than 37,000 representatives, 16 wellbeing communities and 9 territorial emergency clinics. 4 areas, one in Cleveland , Florida, Nevada and Canada with another opening in 2013 in Abu Dhabi. They are devoted to their patients. They give network effort and health programs. They are an encouraging clinic through the Lerner inquire about organization school. They have individuals from everywhere throughout the world going to them for care. From the rich and popular to the common individual. They give wellbeing and wellbeing web recordings and online wellbeing talks. I feel the Cleveland Clinic is one of the main 100 Hospitals for some reasons. For one it has stood the trial of time being in administration for a long time. They have 16 claims to fame and 26 foundations. They are on the main edge of innovation and an innovator in clinical advancements. They offer back to their locale. They are associated through an unpredictable framework through the web. Clinical records can be seen online just as arrangements can be set up by means of the web. They keep on doing examination to help battle illnesses. They are a world chief in heart care. They draw in the most splendid personalities to come work for them. They are not as intrigued by benefits as they are in the nature of care they provide for every patient. They likewise care for their representatives from the Doctors to the janitors. It’s an incredible work environment based on a brilliant notoriety of care. A huge number of lives have been spared. They are one of the biggest emergency clinic on the planet. They are positioned inside the main 22 of every 16 different claims to fame in the United States. On the off chance that I had some sickness be it coronary illness or malignant growth I couldn't want anything more than to be treated at this clinic. I trust I would have a superior result and individual consideration that is amazing. The four originators would be glad for what the Cleveland Clinic has become. References The Cleveland Clinic site recovered on November 20,2011 from http://my. clevelandclinic. organization/90th-commemoration. aspx The most effective method to refer to Top 100 Hospital, Essay models

The Different Between Male and Female Entrepreneur free essay sample

Under agreement number SBAHQ-06-M-0480 Previous research has indicated the exhibition of ladies possessed firms slacking male-claimed firms on variables, for example, yearly deals, work development, salary, and adventure endurance. Explanations behind the distinctions are frequently conjectured, yet exact tests have verifiably experienced information with a predetermined number of control factors on the inspirations and attributes of the proprietors. Also, a large number of the past examinations have experienced survivor predisposition as they study existing (or enduring) organizations. This investigation tries to decide why an exhibition contrast exists for female-and male-possessed endeavors. By and large Findings When different variables are controlled for, sexual orientation doesn't influence new pursuit execution. Be that as it may, a few factorsâ€differing desires, explanations behind beginning a business, inspirations, openings looked for and sorts of businessesâ€vary between the sexes, and these outcome in varying results. Such perceptions ought to be considered when looking at the results of adventures across sexual orientations. Features While sexual orientation was indicated not to influence new pursuit execution when inclinations, inspiration, and desires were controlled for, the distinctions saw among men’s and women’s new undertakings incorporate the accompanying: †¢ Men had more business experience preceding starting the business and better standards. We will compose a custom paper test on The Different Between Male and Female Entrepreneur or on the other hand any comparative subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page †¢ Women business visionaries had a bigger normal family unit size. †¢ The instructive foundations of male and female business visionaries were comparative. †¢ Women were more outlandish than men to buy their business. †¢ Women were bound to have positive incomes, however men were bound to claim a business firm. Female proprietors were bound to lean toward okay/bring organizations back. †¢ Men invested somewhat more energy in their new pursuits than ladies. †¢ Male proprietors were bound to begin a business to bring in cash, had better standards for their business, and accomplished more research to recognize business openings. †¢ Male business visionaries were bound to establish mechanically concentrated organizations, organizations that lose their upper hand all the more rapidly, and organizations that have a less topographically limited client base. †¢ Male proprietors burned through more energy scanning for business openings and this held up when different elements were controlled for. Contrasts among ladies and men concerning adventure size and hours are clarified by control factors, for example, earlier beginning up and industry experience. †¢ Researchers and policymakers need to comprehend that reviews which don't consider the varying idea of people claimed firms could bring about misdirecting results. Extension and Methodology The information utilized was from the Panel Study of Entrepreneurial Dynamics (PSED). The PSED catches little endeavors all things considered and is a self-revealed study. The subset utilized was an example This report was created under an agreement with the Small Business Administration, Office of Advocacy, and contains data and examination that was checked on and altered by authorities of the Office of Advocacy. In any case, the last finishes of the report don't really mirror the perspectives on the Office of Advocacy. of delegate business people who began in 1998 and 1999, bringing about 685 usable new organizations. Ladies spoke to 349 cases as they were oversampled, and the information were weighted to represent the oversampling. Different proportions of execution result were examined, for example, adventure size. A considerable lot of the factors were on a scale from â€Å"no extent† to â€Å"a exceptionally incredible degree. † Econometric models were made to decide the relationship among the factors. The moderately little example size, brief timeframe outline, and early nature of the endeavors are constraints of the examination. This report was peer checked on predictable with the Office of Advocacy’s information quality rules. More data on this procedure can be gotten by reaching the executive of financial research at [emailprotected] gov or (202) 205-6533. Requesting Information The full content of this report and synopses of different investigations performed under agreement with the U. S. Private company Administration’s Office of Advocacy are accessible on the Internet at www. sba. gov/advo/investigate. Duplicates are accessible for buy from: National Technical Information Service 5285 Port Royal Road Springfield, VA 22161 (800) 553-6847 or (703) 605-6000 TDD: (703) 487-4639 www. ntis. gov Order number: PB2007-112634 Paper A05 ($31. 50) Microfiche A01 ($14. 00) CD-ROM A00 ($24. 00) Download A00 ($18. 95) For email conveyance of Advocacy’s bulletin, press, administrative news, and research, visit http://web. sba. gov/list. For Really Simple Syndication (RSS) channels, visit www. sba. ov/advo/rsslibrary. html. I. Official SUMMARY This report portrays a factual assessment of the similitudes and contrasts among male and female business people and their endeavors. The reason for the investigation was to increase a superior comprehension of the degree to which business enterprise by people is extraordinary. Utilizing information from the Panel Study of Ent repreneurial Dynamics, the example included 685 new businessmen who showed that they were beginning a business in 1998 or 1999. Inclinations, inspirations and desires are not haphazardly conveyed across sexual orientation. Breaking down the impact of auxiliary obstructions on new pursuit execution requires exact estimation of the impacts of sex on these things. Inability to gauge the impact of inclinations, inspirations and desires, or mistaken estimation of the impact of these variables, will prompt one-sided evaluations of the impacts of auxiliary hindrances, and over-or under-estimation of their belongings. Our investigation adds to the writing on sexual orientation contrasts in business by demonstrating the nearness or nonattendance of help for some past discoveries about sex contrasts in enterprising action. In particular, the more constrained discoveries appeared in the PSED, in contrast with past investigations, show the confinements of past examinations, and propose alert in expecting their legitimacy. In the first place, on the grounds that the PSED is a review of an agent test of individuals during the time spent beginning new organizations in the United States contrasts between the discoveries here and those of earlier investigations may exist on the grounds that the aftereffects of past examinations are curios of review and determination inclination. Second, contrasts may result from contrasts in â€Å"self-employment† from one viewpoint, and business development on the other. Third, the distinctions may be clarified by choice inclination in past examinations, similar to the Survey of Small Business Finances, which review enduring private companies. Fourth, the distinctions may exist due to imperceptibly heterogeneity in past examinations that look at information sources like the Statistics of Income and the Current Population Survey, which incorporate a predetermined number of factors. Our examination makes a few commitments to open strategy. To begin with, it shows that there is no proof in the PSED for the impact of sexual orientation on new pursuit execution when inclinations, inspiration and desires are controlled. Second, the examination gives data valuable to strategy producers who try to investigate whether government intercession is expected to beat basic boundaries to female inclinations, inspirations, and desires for new pursuits. 2 II. Foundation A wide assortment of research considers have indicated contrasts among male and female business people: inspirations for beginning organizations; their inclinations for adventure chance; the kinds of organizations they start; the procedure they use to recognize business openings; the size of their new businesses; the exertion they consume in creating of those organizations; their trust in their beginning up endeavors; their beginning up issues; their desires for the exhibition of their organizations; and their presentation results (Brush, 1992; Brush et al. , 2006; Carter et al. , 1997; Du Rietz 1999; Fischer 1992; Rosa et al. 1996; Sexton and Bowman-Upton, 1990; Van Stel 2003; and Verhuel et al. , 2004). Regardless of the abundance of studies on this point, a few scientists have interrogated the amount we comprehend concerning the likenesses and contrasts among male and female business people as a result of impediments of the information that have been utilized to investi gate this inquiry. These information are constrained in four different ways. Initially, numerous wellsprings of information, for example, the Current Population Survey, look at â€Å"self-work. † While independent work is a significant wonder, it's anything but a decent intermediary for new business creation. Numerous independently employed individuals don't make new organizations, and numerous individuals who make new organizations are sorted by the Census Bureau as â€Å"wage employed† in light of the fact that wage work is their essential wellspring of salary (Reynolds, 2000). Second, numerous wellsprings of information are very constrained in the data that they incorporate. Thus, examination of these information can't control for some, different variables, making the outcomes subject to the confinement that sexual orientation may just be proxying for in secret attributes that truly represent the distinctions saw in the information. Third, numerous information sources neglect to gauge enterprising movement from the earliest starting point of the procedure †that is, the point at which an individual starts to make another firm. Therefore, the information gathered from this procedure is profoundly particular (just business people running enduring firms are reached). In addition, the information assortment process includes a lot of review predisposition, as business visionaries are approached to recreate occasions, mentalities, and inspirations that occurred months, and regularly years, be

Six Personal Finance Authors You Should Follow on Twitter Right Now

Six Personal Finance Authors You Should Follow on Twitter Right Now Six Personal Finance Authors You Should Follow Right Now Six Personal Finance Authors You Should Follow Right NowWhy settle for reading just any author when you could read an author who will help you with you improve your finances? These writers all have books you can check out to get a better handle on your money and credit situation. Don’t have time for a book right now? Well you should follow their Twitter accounts so you can get their wisdom in bite-size chunks on the go!Beth Kobliner  @BethKoblinerBeth Kobliner is a journalist and best-selling personal finance author. In her most recent book, Make Your Kid a Money Genius, she offers parents a step-by-step guide to teaching their children about money and personal finance concepts. Follow her today for great personal finance tweets! Ric Edelman    @ricedelmanRic Edelman is a best-selling author and Executive Chairman of Edelman Financial Services, LLC. In his book, The Truth About Your Future. The Money Guide You Need Now, Later and Much Later, he explores how technology will affect the way we save, invest, and plan for the future. Jeanne Kelly    @creditscoopJeanne Kelly is a credit coach, speaker, and personal finance author. Her two books (The 90 Day Credit Challenge, and The Credit Makeover) seek to inform and assist readers with credit, credit scores, and credit reports. Follow her today for great credit advice!Thomas J. Stanley, Ph. D.  @thomasjstanleyThomas J. Stanley, Ph.D. was an advisor, researcher, and author of many books on the wealthy population in America. Follow his Twitter page, and check out his books, The Millionaire Next Door, and The Millionaire Mind. Teresa Ghilarducci  @tghilarducciTeresa Ghilarducci’s book, How to Retire with Enough Money, and How to Know What Enough Is, explores the ins and outs of saving enough for retirement. She explains how much you generally need in order to retire, and ways to stretch your money further and save faster. Jonathan DeYoe  @DeYoeWealthJonathan DeYoe is a financial planner and author of Mindful Mo ney. In his book he attempts to offer readers a guide to creating a specific financial plan that caters to their beliefs. Jonathan’s belief is that money is simply a tool that can be used to create the lifestyle that you want and deserve.

Problems with the Public Defence System - Free Essay Example

Problems with the public defense system A public defender is a lawyer who is appointed to defend individuals who cannot afford to hire a lawyer. Public defenders are appointed by the government and the provision of is stipulated by the law of those countries that have this provision. The law requires that there be a provision for adequate assistance of counsel to anyone accused of a crime who cannot afford their own representation. An individual presumed innocent and has a right to a fair trial in which he can defend himself against the charges leveled against him. With no access to counsel, an innocent person may be convicted of a crime merely because they happen to be poor. Providing competent counsel is the significant way of ensuring the proper operation of the constitution designed to protect the innocent and the less fortunate from unfair and unjust punishment, including death. As Justice Black recognized in Gideon v. Wainwright: Every individual therefo re has a right to an attorney as provided by the law, and this attorney is required to represent their client fully. This however in some instances has been made difficult and impossible even in some cases, due to the problems and difficulties that the public defence system is facing. Not all Individuals are Eligible. For instance not everyone qualifies for a public defender. An individual’s eligibility for a public defender is determined by their financial need. Therefore one has to provide financial documents that prove that they are unable to hire a lawyer, for an attorney to be assigned to them. Sometime these procedures are slow and end up taking too long before the individual’s case is assigned to a public defender. These slow procedures then cause the individual to be in jail for more days than necessary. Ineffective Counsel After the financial bit, comes the effectiveness of the appointed counsel. This is especially discouraging as the court appoint ed attorney sometimes are not as effective. The quality of representation of the client by the attorney is sometimes not the best and this is mostly due to the limited resources provided to the counsel or the work overload that the public defender has that cause them not to be fully prepared to represent the defendant in court. Excess Workload Public defense caseloads frequently far exceed national standards. For example, national standards limit felony cases to 150 a year per attorney. Yet felony caseloads of 500, 600, 800 or more are common. Unmanageable caseloads mean that many defenders simply don’t have time to do the most basic tasks, such as talk to their clients or do investigation. Many individuals get nothing more than a few minutes of their attorney’s time and a hurried guilty plea. The result: miscarriages of justice and convictions of the innocent. This has sometimes led to attorneys being sued for misrepresenting and failing their clients due to work overload. Sometimes public defenders out rightly refuse to represent clients, in such instances a lot of defendants are left with no representation which goes against their constitutional right to an attorney. However the defenders argue that lack of effective counsel due to work overload is well the same as going against or violating this right. Lack of Standards Not all states have clear standards when it comes to representations by public defenders and this obviously brings us back to the quality of representation. As a result of the lack of standards in some counties, the public defense system may be terrible in one county and totally different in another. So that you may find individuals with the same crime may have extremely different verdicts. Lack of Institutional Support Public defenders are burdened by lack of resources, unimaginable workload, limited supervision and very little training, oppressive police, stubborn clients, demanding judges and jurors all of whom they must work with and unhealthy working conditions. Studies of the system indicate that all these factors and tremendous pressure to process cases result to a constant stress on the public defenders which in turn leads to an increasing sense of disillusionment and cynicism about the job. Representation of defendants at the federal level is further complicated by new federal bail and speedy trial requirements, the sentencing guidelines, and mandatory minimum sentences, all of which have increased the pressure on public defenders, thereby causing a reduced ability to provide proper representation.[ committee to review the criminal justice act, report of the committee to review the criminal justice act (1993), reprinted in 52 crim. l. rep. (bna) 2265 (1993) [hereinafter review committee report]. Lack of funding Financing is a big issue for public defenders countrywide. This is such a big issue that some public defender offices are even refusing some cases and let ting go of others due to lack of resources and man power. There are some states whose public attorneys are funded by the local county governments. However most counties are short on cash and are not able to fund their public defender offices. This leaves there members of state without a choice if they do not have enough money to afford an attorney. Sometimes it goes as far as charging the defendants for some of the costs of their public defenders. For example in Louisiana the amount charged to individuals who go through the courts is said to pay a sizeable amount the budget for public defenders countrywide. This reliance on court fees stems from the severe underfunding of the public defense system which in turn leads to case overloads. Lack of Trust from the Public Public have a questionable independence as they report to elected officials. Thus one is left to question where their loyalties lie and whether they are acting impartially and being unbiased in their repres entation just to advance their employers interests. The public defense function should be independent from political influence and subject to judicial supervision only. To promote quality of services and efficiency and also to safeguard independence, a nonpartisan board should oversee defender assigned counsel systems. Ensuring that the judiciary is independent from political pressures is an important means of furthering the independence of the defense system. No counsel at all Many people that are accused of a crime get no lawyer at all. In 2002 one of California’s Counties had more than 12,000 guilty pleas that were entered by individuals who had no lawyers. In Georgia we have some counties that have been sued for failing to provide counsel to defendants, or delaying so long to appoint counsel, which leads to the pretrial wait in jail to be longer than the sentence would have been if convicted. In other places pressure is put on individuals to waive their constitut ional right to counsel, this is normally done to juveniles, so as to get a â€Å"deal† that is available only if they plead guilty to the crime they have been accused of immediately. Many courts with little to no challenge at all, accept this waivers. The consequences to these are often life-altering, such as loss of employment and sometimes even deportation. Very few jurisdictions comply with the U.S. Supreme Court’s latest ruling (Alabama v. Shelton 2002) extending the right to counsel to people receiving probation or a suspended sentence. Reports say that Washington DC almost 99 percent of defendants on housing eviction cases is unrepresented by attorneys. This means that these individuals may end up being evicted due to lack of proper representation. Counsel lacks sufficient time and space The defenders sometimes lack sufficient time to interview their clients before the preliminary examination and even trial. This is because the attorneys are informed of their new clients late, and in most cases they are always busy dealing with another case. By the time they get around to seeing the client it’s too late or too much time has passed and they are only left with few minutes to develop strategy and ground rules for both of them. This then leads to misrepresentation of the defendant by the defender, which is violating the defendant’s rights of legal counsel as they have not been fully represented. The space that is given for counsel is also is not confidential. An attorney should have confidential access to his client at all times for exchange of legal and any other information needed; this however is not the case. Lack of experience Sometimes defendants are assigned to counsel that has no experience in their case. Attorneys should never be assigned to case that they do not have experience or proper training to handle; this is overlooked especially when all the attorneys who could handle the case are overwhelme d with work load or are just not available to take up the case. This also leads to poor representation of clients and has dire consequences like harsh penalties and verdicts by the judge. Changing of Attorneys In some instances you may find a defendant having to be represented by two different attorneys in the same case. This is again mostly due to work overload that may lead to dates of case hearings clashing and thus a new attorney has to step in and represent the defendant. This leads to confusion and slow advancement of the cases. It is important that the same attorney represent the client continuously from the beginning of the case through the trial and till sentencing. Burn out and fatigue of attorneys. Most public defenders have a lot of cases to handle that they end up being burned out. The fatigue causes them to make judgment errors when making decisions on the representation of client cases which leads misrepresentation of the clients. This is unethical and totally unfair to the client as they may end up with life altering sentences put against them due to these errors. Families may lose their homes; individuals may end up being deported or families broken due to sentencing of many years in prison, leaving behind families that are bankrupt and have huge legal fees to pay. Many people are let go from prison after they are found to be innocent after they have spent many years in prison. These individuals had attorneys who represented them when they were found guilty in the first place. Some who are without lack, never find justice in the system, they instead die in prison after hoping and praying and later on resign to fate. Racism Some communities that suffer from inadequate provision of legal services to the poor are also subject to peculiar disabilities in the criminal justice system. The most recent wave of criminal justice reforms has included the enactment of laws that appear to be aimed at members of certain races, lea ding to higher levels of incarceration of African-American males. One of the most disturbing examples of race-based criminal law reform is the enactment of differing penalties for cocaine convictions based solely on the form in which the cocaine is possessed or distributed. In Minnesota v. Russell, five African-American males challenged a state criminal prosecution for possession of crack cocaine. The defendants alleged that African-Americans, who constitute ninety-six percent of those charged with possession of crack cocaine, and white Americans, who constitute nearly eighty percent of those charged with possession of powder cocaine, were treated differently in the imposition of penalties for what is essentially the same crime; possession or distribution of cocaine. Under Minnesota law at the time, the sentence for a conviction of possessing five grams of powder cocaine would likely result in probation. Alternatively, the sentence for a conviction of possessing five grams of crack cocaine would ordinarily result in a penalty of ten years imprisonment. Moreover, the data presented at trial by the defendants indicated that an offender convicted of selling a given amount of crack cocaine would receive the same sentence as would an offender convicted of selling one hundred times that amount of powder cocaine. The Minnesota Supreme Court concluded that the statute failed the rational basis test drawn from the equal protection clause of the state constitution, which in some respects is more stringent than the federal test. The federal courts have also noted the racial disparity in sentencing for cocaine possession and distribution caused by the dubious distinction drawn between crack and powder cocaine in the federal statutes. For example, Judge Louis of the District Court for the District of Columbia held in United States v. Walls that the statutory mandatory minimum sentences for crack cocaine possession in some circumstances constituted cruel a nd unusual punishment in violation of the Eighth Amendment. 4 Federal District Court Judge Clyde Cahill has also commented on the severe impact the disparity between crack and powder cocaine sentencing has had on the African-American community: While Congress may have had well-intentioned concerns, the Court is equally aware that this one provision, the crack statute, has been directly responsible for incarcerating nearly an entire generation of young black American men for very long periods, usually during the most productive time of their lives. Inasmuch as crack and powder cocaine are really the same drug, it appears likely that race rather than conduct was the determining factor. [United States v. Clary, 846 F. Supp. 768, 770 (E.D. Mo. 1994).] Underpaid attorneys Most public defenders push their clients into plea agreements just to get rid of them because they are being underpaid and have a lot of work. So the faster they can be done with it the better. This is because making a plea is faster than going to trial which will go on for days or even months. Pleas are fast and will enable the defender to handle more cases and therefore earn more money. For instance a court appointed attorney in Genesee County, gets $200 if the defendant pleads guilty before the trial date. In such instances the defender will push their client to plead guilty so that they may get the money. However attorneys who work in good public defender offices are paid a standard salary which is not determined by the number of cases they have handled. They therefore have no financial incentive whatsoever. We can therefore conclude that some of the attorneys do this to clear their work load. Over worked attorneys will push their clients to settle just so that they may get over and with the case and move on to the next as fast as they could. Also during these please, the attorney will push for a better deal if the client decides to retain them as private attorney or pa ys them more. Staffing shortage Staffing shortage is what has led to the numerous work overloads that in turn cause fatigue and burn out to the available attorneys. Due to the little pay most attorneys have moved to work with private firms where they can get a good amount of money for handling fewer cases. Most attorneys only work as public defenders so as to get experience and later on move to work in huge and established private firms, leaving the inexperienced attorneys to represent the defendants. Conclusion The insufficient funding in the public defender systems nationwide has resulted in inadequate training and resources to the public defense attorneys. Such structural limitations restrict public defenders ability to represent their clients effectively, and thus causing them to receive a lot of criticism from the general public as well as their clients. These negative feedbacks cause the public defenders to have psychological stress and develop cynicism towar ds the job. Moreover, the disproportionate presence of racial minorities among the clients relying on public defender system need to ensure that all defendants receive competent representation; else the criminal justice system will create further disparities in treatment of persons of different races. Many of the problems presently confronting public defender offices can be addressed by creating an independent Defender Services Center modeled after the Washington, D.C., Public Defender Service, to fund and streamline individual offices. Such a center would focus on providing ongoing defense attorney training and on developing and sustaining a positive office culture, two techniques proven effective in enhancing the effectiveness of the representation of the poor. Without such radical and substantial reform, we will continue to face the persistent problem of denying to those most in need the essential services necessary to ensure that the interests of justice are served.

Alignment Of Human Resource And Business Strategies Essay

Alignment of Human Resource and Business Strategies Human resource (HR) departments work alongside business leaders to support their company’s mission, vision, values and core business practices. They must create strategies that will guide their efforts toward achieving the company’s objectives. Business leaders develop business strategies to achieve company objectives and satisfy the needs of stakeholders. Successful HR management strategies develop align with an organization’s business strategy. According to authors Stewart and Brown, â€Å"these two types of strategy must work together to ensure high organizational effectiveness† (Stewart Brown, 2012, p. 40). This paper will explore these strategies in action by examining the core business and HR practices at Zappos.com. The paper will analyze Zappos’ HR and business strategies, HR department job positions, and ways it markets its company regarding human capital. Aligning Zappos’ HR Strategy with its Business Strategy Zappos.com was founded in 1999 by Nick Swinmurn. The company is a web-based retailer that has grown quickly over the last 16 years. The company began its venture with a vision to â€Å"create a web site that offered the absolute best selection in shoes in terms of brands, styles, colors, sizes, and widths† (â€Å"The Zappos Family Story,† n.d., para. 3). Today, the company has expanded their product lineup to include not only shoes, but also apparel, handbags, and other accessories. Zappos’ businessShow MoreRelatedLink Between Strategic Management and Leadership1199 Words   |  5 PagesPROGRAMME TITLE: Human Resource UNIT NAME: Human Resource ASSIGNMENT NAME: To achieve goals of the organization there must be vertical link between business strategy and HR strategies and horizontal links among HR strategies Student Name : Phone Myint Ko Issue Date : August 12, 2012 Submission Date : August 19, 2012 Abstract The human resource of an organization offered the potential synergy for sustained competitive advantage, when properly deployed, maintainedRead MoreThe Role Of Internal Planning On Strategic Planning921 Words   |  4 PagesRole of DSS in Strategic Planning Casey Matta Walden University Business Intelligence Business Intelligence, also referred to as BI, has been defined in many ways. The earliest definition comes from 1958. At this time business intelligence â€Å"was seen as the ability to apprehend the interrelationships of presented facts in such a way as to guide actions towards a desired goal† (Turning Data into Actionable Information). Business Intelligence encompasses the following elements: Reporting, AnalysisRead MoreThe Alignment Of Hrm Within The Ford Motor Company1012 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Human resource management is best defined as the policies, practices, and systems that influence employees’ behavior, attitudes, and performance (Noe, Hollenbeck, Gerhart Wright, 2011). Organizations that can effectively and strategically align their human resource management with their business objectives are able to perform at optimal levels. Human resource professionals are tasked with developing recruitment strategies that attract and retain individuals needed by organizationsRead MoreEmployee Competencies And Reward System For The Dental, Veterinary, And Rehabilitation Supply Markets Essay891 Words   |  4 Pages850 people across its three business units: Patterson Dental, Patterson Veterinary and Patterson Medical. Founded in 1877, the organization began exclusively as a provider for dental merchandise. In 2001 they expanded into veterinary supply, and in 2003, medical supply distribution in particularly for rehabilitation and sports medicine products. This organiz ation has undergone a dramatic transformation in identity over recent years as they have expanded their business bases. Continued growth andRead MoreHuman Resource Management As A Strategic Partner1705 Words   |  7 PagesHuman Resource Management as a Strategic Partner Generally, when one thinks of the role of Human Resources, many people will think first of the role that HR plays in important functions such as staffing, training, retention, and the development of workplace policies. While these are all important functions for Human Resource Management, the evolution of HRM is such that it is important to think of these functions in terms of the impact they have on the overall strategic vision for the companyRead MoreVolkswagen of America: Managing IT Priorities1308 Words   |  6 Pages In today’s world, IS alignment is crucial for the operation and growth of businesses. Information systems allow businesses to deal with vast amounts of complex information and run more efficiently. Founded in 1930s, Volkswagen is the leading automotive vehicle manufacturer in Germany. However, its USA branch was facing problems with inadequate IT human resources due to excessive outsourcing and a reduction of internal IT staff. Additionally, an inadequate budget to cover the considerable costRead MoreIntroduction. As Part Of My Initial Assignment In Hrm 530,1213 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction As part of my initial assignment in HRM 530, I have been tasked to present a thoughtful and on various aspects of Human Resource Strategy as it aligns with Business strategies. So as a result of this assignment, I will attempt to address the following issues in the order listed herein. The company that I have selected to explore these areas is The FORD Motor Company. I chose Ford primarily based on the current events that have reported that Ford will be opening more plants in theRead MoreOrganizations And Project Management Organizations955 Words   |  4 Pagesdirection provides the purpose, expectations, goals, and actions necessary to guide business pursuit and is aligned with business objectives. Project management activities should be aligned with top-level business direction, and if there is a change, then project objectives need to be realigned. In a project environment, changes to project objectives affect project efficiency and success. When the business alignment for a project is constant, the chance for project success greatly increases becauseRead MoreSma Case Perp Essay762 Words   |  4 PagesIn this paper, I would argue that the best strategy for MEPD is new product development and innovation based on the current market environments and its unique technical capabilities. To support my argument, I would use Congruence Model to analyze the problems and advice solutions. Crucial Performance SMA has a strong technological capability in the invention and had been running at an average of 10% growth over the previous 10 years. As one of eight line division in SMA, MEPD developed uniqueRead MoreThe Four Functions Of Management1314 Words   |  6 Pagesthey are responsible for using both human and other resources to achieve goals effectively and efficiently. (Satterlee, 2013). This paper combines the three concepts that Group 4 have considered most important. It primarily highlights the four functions of management; planning, leading, organizing, and controlling. Secondly, it discusses the characteristics of a successful manager. Finally, relates the necessary skills for a competent manager; technical skills, human skills, and conceptual skills.

Transgender Rights In The Workplace - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 532 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2019/06/24 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Transgender Essay Did you like this example? Language is continually evolving to correctly communicate the speakers intention. A word can have many messages both through literal definition and social contacts. Queer language has become more specific. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Transgender Rights In The Workplace" essay for you Create order Contributing to this shift in language, some parts of society have becoming more understanding of the LGBT+ community. despite the recent acceptance there is still confusion surrounding transgender people. A transgender person is someone whose gender identity is different than their male/female reproductive system at birth. This term does not have anything to do with sexual orientation, gender expression or physical anatomy. Transgender and transsexual have a different meaning. Transsexual suggests a person who has gone through a sex reassignment surgery. On the federal level the courts have stated that discrimination against gender identity is historically not covered under the 1964 Civil Rights Act prohibiting discrimination against sex. Recently in 2012, the court has extended the definitional of discrimination against sex to include gender identity and in 2014, Eric Holder the US Attorney General stated that he agreed with this decision. As of now there are no comprehensive set of laws that protect transgender people. Selective states (California, Connecticut Hawaii, Massachusetts, New Jersey, New York, Vermont) have altered discrimination law to protect Transgender people. Gender dysphoria is excluded from disability laws except for California. the Transgender Law Center in California, published Know Your Rights: Transgender People at Work that answered 14 commonly asked question. Employees should have safe access to bathrooms that match their gender identity. An alternative is to use a single bathroom if the transgender person feels more comfortable or if another employee does not want to use the same bathroom with a transgender person. California protects transgender citizens from harassment that includes, but is not limited to deliberately and repeatedly calling employee by the incorrect name and pronoun. California recognizes common law name changes but does require a court order to change name on managerial records such as payroll and security clearance. Potential employers may require a background check, and therefore require all previous name used to get a through assurance of character. As a result, employers will likely find out about a prospective employees transgender status. Medical information is protected by t he federal Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) and employees are not required to disclose if or where they are transitioning, although it is advisable to coordinate with management to create a transition plan and discuss medical leave. If a person is discriminated against because they are transgender they should first try to use the internal complaints process. The next step is to file a dual complaint with the Department of Fair Employment and Housing (DFEH) and the Equal Employment Commissions (EEOC). In October, the Health and Human Service Department stated they were considering limiting the scope of the Civil Rights act to exclude gender identity from the definition of sexual discrimination. If the new presidential memo goes through, 1.4 million self-identifying transgender American adults will be affected. https://www.transstudent.org/definitions/ https://www.aclu.org/know-your-rights/transgender-people-and-law https://transgenderlawcenter.org/resources/employment/know-your-rights-transgender-employment-law https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/trump-administration-considering-different-concepts-regarding-transgender-rights-with-some-pushing-back-internally/2018/10/22/0668f4da-d624-11e8-83a2-d1c3da28d6b6_story.html?noredirect=onutm_term=.1ec511ff2743

Drug Addiction And Alcohol And Compulsive Gambling

Your Name Professor’s Name Subject Date Research Paper Outline 1. Introduction Sexual addiction has become rapidly recognized as a significant social problem with similarities better recognized to drug addiction and alcohol or compulsive gambling. sexual addicts refers to individuals who engage in persistent, as well as, escalating patterns of sexual behaviour acted out regardless of the increasingly negative impact to the self and others. To begin with copulation or coitus, sexual intercourse is the physical union between a man and woman, for reproduction, sexual pleasure or both. The act involves a high level of physical intimacy and contributes immensely to human bonding. This is because, sex is associated with emotional and physical pleasure therefore creating a connection between the people involved. However, some people tend to overdo the act of sex to a point that they become dependent on it leading to a sexual addiction. This paper aims at discussing sexual addiction, its causes, effects and characteristics. II. Literature review According to Carnes (15) sexual addiction is a clinical condition referred to in the medical spheres as â€Å"progressive intimacy disorder.† The addiction involves spending long periods preoccupied with sexual thoughts and behaviors all geared towards achieving a desired sexual effect. In the United States alone, more than thirty million people are in the category of those who suffer from the condition. Sexual addicts have been thought toShow MoreRelatedAddiction Abuse And Behavioral Addiction1552 Words   |  7 Pageshis addiction keeps the cause of death from being a total surprise (Chuck Palahniuk.)† In medical terms, an addiction is a chronic neurological disorder that has genetic, psychosocial, and environmental dimensions. There are various varieties of addiction in the world, but the most widely held are substance abuse and behavioral addiction. Presently, addiction is a on the rise crisis that numerous American household are facing these days. Alcohol addiction has been the most common addiction. ExcessiveRead MoreAddiction As A Dependence On Substance Or Behavior Essay1094 Words   |  5 Pages What exactly is an addiction? It is common to hear an individual say they are addicted to something without fully knowing or understanding the definition of addiction. Addiction can be described as a dependence on a substance or behavior which affects the physical, psychological and emotional wellbeing in an individual (What is addiction?, n/a). The trouble with everyday addictions such as: cell phones, drugs, and gambling, affect people’s everyday life and lives of their loved ones dramaticallyRead MoreIs Teenage Gambling a Problem in Canada?1034 Words   |  5 PagesGambling has become one of the major components in Canada’s entertainment industry. Not only has gambling become popular among adults, but it has also gained popularity among teenagers. The various types of gambling include lottery or scratch cards, card games such as blackjack, bingo and gambling machines. Gambling can affect an individual both mentally and physically. Some of the harmful effects of gambling include experiencing depression, isolation, loss of sleep, stress related problemsRead MoreGambling Addiction918 Words   |  4 Pages Gambling can be a compulsion where people are so obsessed with gambling that they gamble for a high; much like people who have alcohol, drug, and nicotine addictions. A person who gambles for the sheer urge to gamble despite harmful negative consequences or a desire to stop is considered to have gambling addiction or ludomania. A person with ludomania loves the rush of a win over everything else in life. The addiction causes the person to choose the excitement over responsibility. Families, jobsRead MoreEssay about Gambling1621 Words   |  7 PagesGambling As time marches on into the twenty first century, gambling has become an increasing problem in the United Sates. The continuing problem has hurt the lives of many often leading to actions such as suicides. The problem with gambling today is it is not taken as a serious problem by the American world. According to Richard Wilhelm, it is thought of as â€Å" a recreational hobby that has little negative affects†(2). Little does much of the public know that gambling is a serious addiction thatRead MoreDid You Know That There Is Such A Thing Called Problem1570 Words   |  7 Pagesproblem gambling otherwise known as gambling addiction? According to psychguides.com, â€Å"gambling is a diverse activity, so different types of gambling addiction exist as well†. Gambling addiction is a problem where it begins slowly and grows overtime until the victim’s life has become difficult to control. Only recently has this disorder been recognized as an addiction. According to Wi kipedia, â€Å"Problem gambling (or ludomania, but usually referred to as gambling addiction or compulsive gambling) isRead MoreCompulsive Gambling Is The Presence Of Withdrawal777 Words   |  4 Pages One aspect common in most addictions and not in compulsive gambling is the presence of withdrawal. Some gamblers do claim they experience withdrawal symptoms. Rosenthal and Lesieur (1992) conducted a study on self-reported withdrawal symptoms of gambling. The study consisted of 222 participants. Sixty-five percent of participants reported experiencing at least one of the following: insomnia, headaches, upset stomach, loss of appetite, physical weakness, palpitations, shaking, cramps, difficultyRead MoreEssay on Gambling Addiction In Gen. Y1308 Words   |  6 PagesGambling Addiction In Gen. Y Gambling has become a growing issue concerning the generation y. According to a survey done by Ctcclearing.com1, 80% of teenagers claimed to have gambled in some form. With a percentage that large, is the problem simply that gambling is a right of passage or are teens more susceptible to the temptations that casinos have. The Addiction Compulsive gambling is a disease among many people. The American Psychiatric Association classifiesRead MoreEssay about Gambling599 Words   |  3 Pages Gambling has effected many people I know in a negative way and the problem is getting increasingly more serious due to the large amount of young adults who are starting to gamble. Teenagers often face routine warnings about drugs and alcohol but Not about gambling. Gambling is highly addictive, and compulsive gamblers have the same symptoms an alcoholic or a person addicted to drugs would have with their addiction , when someone is addicted to gambling they have a brain disease that is chemicallyRead MoreGambling: Dangerous to Society?847 Words   |  4 Pagesmillion compulsive gamblers in the United States. Out of this twelve million, 96% began gambling before the age of 14. He also reported that the average compulsive gambler has debts exceeding $80,000. This means that for this class, if we all grow up to be compulsive gamblers, all but one of us will have started gambling by now, and we will all one day be in extreme debt. Today I will be informing you all how dangerous gambling can be. I will be talking about what good comes from gambling, the negative

Evolution Of Health Care Info Systems. Physician’S Offices

Evolution of Health Care info Systems Physician’s offices and different facilities have modified considerably over the last twenty years. Technology has influenced everything in health care. it s influenced the means info is unbroken, stored, shared and analyzed. within the future, we will expect technology to still modification and improve the means health care is delivered. it s the expectation that technology can improve the general public health and reduce the overwhelming price of health supply. Over the past twenty years info technology has been slowly introduced to the health care business. Documents inside home facilities were either through with a character-at-a-time printer or written. There was perpetually a necessity to†¦show more content†¦Prescriptions area unit currently sent directly the pharmacy minimizing errors and mechanically checking for attainable complications with different medications or allergies (Ortiz Clancy, 2003). the flexibility to quickly and simply share medical info has considerably improved health supply and attenuate prices. EMR s conjointly offer a medico with reminders and proposals for patient care that assists with the treatment and bar of chronic sicknesses. redoubled use of health care info systems provides a a lot of complete and correct image of a patients history. information isn t duplicated, and errors area unit quickly found and corrected. Electronic information provides a method for analysis that has improved care and ass isted within the analysis for cures and coverings. Technology has conjointly modified the means folks communicate. a briefing will currently be created on-line, and knowledge will currently be shared through email. Before these advancements medical records, prescription info, and appointments were unbroken via a paper record. The use of health care info systems has conjointly considerably assisted with compensation from suppliers. within the past inaccurate medical charting might simply lead to inaccurate committal to writing which might lead to denial or delay of compensation for services. the utilization of EMR’s considerably decreases committal to writing errors.Show MoreRelatedComputerize Medical Insurance System10020 Words   |  41 Pagesregards to health care has emerged to play a prominent role in the delivery of healthcare. The application and use of machines and computer-based technologies in health care have undergone an evolutionary process. Advance in information, telecommunication, and network technologies have led to the emergence of a revolutionary new way of health care delivery leading to new experience and knowledge that cross traditional disciplinary boundaries in the fields of information technology and health care, alongRead MoreManaging Information Technology (7th Edition)239873 Words   |  960 PagesMidsouth Chamber of Commerce (A): The Role of the Operating Manager in Information Systems CASE STUDY I-1 IMT Custom Machine Company, Inc.: Selection of an Information Technology Platform CASE STUDY I-2 VoIP2.biz, Inc.: Deciding on the Next Steps for a VoIP Supplier CASE STUDY I-3 The VoIP Adoption at Butler University CASE STUDY I-4 Supporting Mobile Health Clinics: The Children’s Health Fund of New York City CASE STUDY I-5 Data Governance at InsuraCorp CASE STUDYRead MoreStrategic Human Resource Management View.Pdf Uploaded Successfully133347 Words   |  534 Pagesii Permission to reprint these has been obtained by Pearson Custom Publishing for this edition only. Further reproduction by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system, must be arranged with the individual copyright holders noted. This special edition published in cooperation with Pearson Custom Publishing. Printed in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Please visit our web site at www.pearsoncustom

Work Placement Reflective Free Essays

Introduction This is a sample of the reflective diary kept during my work placement with Viridian Housing. The experiences accounted in this sample reflect those used in support of my critical review. A reflective diary is a private record of experiences throughout work placement. We will write a custom essay sample on Work Placement Reflective or any similar topic only for you Order Now It is very important to use this diary to report thoughts, feelings and opinions rather than reporting on the factual events of the day. A reflective diary is also important for keeping a record of both the positive and non positive experiences, as well as the achievements. The purpose of reflection is a means to be able to think things over or to visualize. Reflection involves complex mental processing that discovers new ideas or inter-relationships between ideas.[1] Accurate reflection will help us improve our decision-making, deal with issues in everyday work and social situations, discover new ideas and help understand ourselves better. There is a recurring theme with the tenancy checks and inspection visits that is very frustrating. I spoke to another tenant who is a long term tenant of Viridian. Invariably with the visits there will be small maintenance issues that need to be sorted out, however generally they have not been reported because they are minor and often aesthetic. In this case it was the issue of a window that was stuck shut. The tenant proceeded to tell me that there was a maintenance history, but that he would call one of the housing officers to sort it out, because that is the person they usually dealt with. Professionally this has no impact what so ever, as these things are recorded and can easily be dealt with. I found it frustrating however, because despite my position with Viridian, I feel that the tenants doubt my abilities and professional expertise. In this situation I remained calm and collected, as I suspect that this is a personal insecurity which will resolve itself with further experienc e in the field. I am also sure that there was no intention to undermine my position. I was proud that I was able to keep my composure despite feeling rather frustrated at the time. I spoke to one of my colleagues about it later that day and found out that this is a common thing with all housing officers. I was happy to learn this and am not dreading doing inspection visits as I was earlier in the day. An elderly lady came for a consultation after going to a number of housing organizations to attempt to get into a care facility. By the time she arrived in our offices she was at her wits end. Although the issue of finding accommodation for her is relatively simple and routine, I discovered that she really needed to just talk to someone that understood what she wanted and what she did not want. A lot of what she was complaining about had to do with housing organizations wanting to put her into a type of frail care facility, however this isn’t what she wanted. I feel like the respect that Viridian is always reinforcing in this industry really does have a place, as this lady clearly hasn’t been shown much respect and even though we have not helped her yet, she was incredibly happy and grateful at the end of the meeting. I am finding that so much about this position has to do with an attitude of respect towards to client. I do not think that one could succeed in this posit ion without the ability to build rapport with people and be friendly. I was proud to be a member of Viridian as the assistance that we can offer people in her situation, although not particularly unique, can make a huge difference in the lives of the elderly and disabled. I performed a tenancy check and inspection visit and was let into the property by who I assumed was family of the tenant. This was after significant problems in trying to gain access to the property and eventually after harassing the tenant for over a week, I was able to secure an inspection date and time. After having a look around the property it started to look a bit suspicious as it was clear that this family member was living in the property. After some questioning it became clear that the property had been informally sublet to this family member and that the actual tenant was now living somewhere else. Obviously illegal subletting has to be reported and the family member of the tenant will most likely be evicted from the property. I had mixed feelings about this, because she seemed like a very nice person who was going to bear the consequences of the mistake of the tenant. I felt very sympathetic towards her and going forward, I felt sad in having to report this to the housing officers. The matter was taken over by the housing officer that manages the property, however in subsequent reporting I found out that the matter has been settled. I was proud of my ability to be perceptive in this situation and follow my instincts. Although emotionally it was difficult to follow the rules, professionally this was a triumph as I followed my gut and in doing so discovered an illegal tenancy. There was an incident with an elderly couple that was occupying on the properties that had about three stairs throughout. Whilst in the office, I received a phone call from the husband informing me of the unsuitability of the housing for them because of the problems that the stairs caused. He then demanded that we find another house for them or see to it that there are the requisite ramps installed in the housing immediately. To that point I had not dealt with an issue like this, however I treated the matter as urgent and reported it immediately to one of my colleagues. The next day I received a phone call from the same man who was now irate that there had been no action taken as of yet and he shouted over the phone at me, not allowing me to speak. Whilst I understood his concern, I did not appreciate the disrespect shown towards me, especially since we had given him feedback on the issue and all things considered it was not urgent. I managed to stay calm during the whole conversatio n and tried to be as compassionate and understanding as possible. I calmly explained to him that we needed to get approval to install ramps in the property and there would be some delay. I was proud of myself for staying calm during that time as I was getting more frustrated as the man continued to rant at me. Moving forward, I learnt that when dealing with homes, people are always going to be upset, but as the professional you need to stay calm and do your job without getting angry or upset. There was an issue with a tenant that had a leaking roof that had allegedly been reported to the maintenance team. I checked the records and nothing was reflected. As there was staff training that week, I was alone in the office and the weekend was approaching. Not wanting the tenant to suffer any further water damage to her property, I went about organizing a repair team to go to the house to fix it the next afternoon, however got a call from the contractor who was at the house saying the tenant had said that someone had been around earlier to fix the problem from Viridian. This was incredibly frustrating as now the contractor would be paid for nothing and it was a waste of my time, the tenants and the contractors. I cross checked with the maintenance team the following Monday when training was over and discovered that they had organized for the roof to be fixed, however due to training they had been unable to update the records to reflect this. I was very embarrassed that I had no t first checked with the relevant housing officer, although at the time I felt that I was showing initiative. I feel like I learnt a valuable lesson through making this mistake that although showing initiative is encouraged, one must have all the facts of the situation before executing a plan. I had to explain the situation to the housing officer, who understood my mistake. I do feel however that there is some responsibility on the housing officer for not having updated the record, as it was clearly within my duties to have the maintenance issue sorted out and it is important to always update the files with the correct information at all times as these systems exist for exactly this reason. Although I was not formally reprimanded, I do feel that I was only part responsible. Nonetheless, I learnt a valuable lesson about communication between the different teams in Viridian and moving forward I shall ensure that I follow all protocol accordingly. Bibliography: Nolan, Y.,Moonie, N.,Lavers, S. (2005) Health and Social Care (Adults): S/NVQ Level 3, Essex, Heinemann Nolan, Y. (2005) Health and Social Care (Adults): S/NVQ Level 2, Essex, Heinemann. [1] Nolan, Y.,Moonie, N.,Lavers, S. (2005) Health and Social Care (Adults): S/NVQ Level 3, Essex, Heinemann How to cite Work Placement Reflective, Essay examples

In feminist writing Essay Example For Students

In feminist writing Essay In feminist writing, numerous techniques are employed in order to gain liberation from many stereotypical representations of women in their society. Anne Sexton uses the strategy of rewriting fairy tales, which I find most ingenious. The is because fairy tales have been what many of us have held close to our hearts, yet Sexton unveils it to be a cold patriarchal invention. In her retelling, Sexton raises the idea that women internalize and perpetuate a patriarchal identity, which comes from her societys expectations, rules and norms. This identity consist of an ideal beauty and aspirations a woman strives to have, which I will explore in this discussion. Through her stark and naked portrayal of women, formed through the unapologetic tone she adopts in narrating the stories, Sexton strips the classic fairy tales of their deceptive allure and unmasks the gender inequality they perpetuate. In doing so, Sexton effectively strikes her message home, on how fairy tales-a representation of t he social system-inspire us to develop into uninspired girls. Before I discuss how Sexton reveals the stereotypical representations of women in their society, I would first like to justify my claim on the hidden gender inequality present in fairy tales. Foremost, let me give a quick history of fairy tales. Men wrote fairy tales, in fact, almost all literature. According to Jacqueline law in her research essay Sleeping Beauty on Exhibition, the Brothers Grimm edited the tale to portray women in a chauvinistic way that adhered to cultural standardsand attempted to uphold the idea that beauty, rather than character, was a womans most valuable asset. By modifying the tales, these patriarchal values were endorsed by the Brothers Grimm, setting versions of the ideal female and ideal feminine aspirations in motion through the tales Snow White and Cinderella for women to follow. I myself am a victim, deeply influenced by the representation of women in the male-oriented literature I grew up with, which has ingrained versions of the ideal feminine goals, aspirations, and appearance in me. They are to be beautiful like Snow White, and to be married and spend my life relaxing in a safe household, like Cinderella. This is precisely why I chose Sextons Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs and Cinderella to discuss, to show that they insidiously influence our perception of males and females. The internalization of such ideals is evident in the two poems. In Snow White, Sexton outlines the ideal female as white and lovely, which equates to being fair and young. This ideal could be defined as the male gaze for future reference. In Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, we see the Queen asking the mirror, who is fairest of us all? This hints that she is dependent on the opinion of the mirror rather than herself. Not only does she ask for approval, she uses male diction of ideal feminine beauty to describe her aesthetic aspirations. She refers to the mirror like a weather forecast, showing how she refers to it daily, probably obsessively. When her mirror forecasts a storm, signaling to the Queen Snow Whites being fairer than , this quote again mirroring male diction, the Queens immediate reaction is to want consume Snow White. This is because Snow White possesses virginal youth, a criterion of the ideal female that the Queen lacks. Therefore, the Queen attempts to consume Snow White, to remain young. Sexton describes, The Queen chewed up like a cube steak./ Now I am fairest, she said,/ lapping her slim white fingers. We see her conviction that by chewing up Snow Whites heart, she is still the fairest. This is shown through her action of looking at her fingers as she laps it; the Queen is assured by the appearance of her slim white fingers. Her conviction that she would be young again is further emphasized by how she consumes Snow Whites heart. She savors Snow Whites heart in chewing it, a slow savoring technique, as if every ounce of Snow Whites perfectness, like a cube, will be her nutrition. Therefore we see how the Queen literally internalized the male gaze, for Snow White is a walking symbol of the male gaze, beautiful, virginal, and pure. And, in her details of the consumption of Snow Whites heart, S exton sheds light on the gory nature of the story and leads us to feel disgusted at the length women are willing to go through to attain male approval. Hence, such visceral portrayal shows Sextons unapologetic and blunt tone that effectively strikes a chord within the female reader.

The Nineteenth Century Essays - Slavery In The United States

The Nineteenth Century The Nineteenth Century American The Nineteenth Century American was very different than the Twentieth Century American. They had different technology, food, laws, dress, customs, view of art and beauty, and family structure. They lived a lot differently than we do and they acted differently, also. They liked different things, and had different customs, also. They spoke English, but used different words and words had different meanings. The Nineteenth Century American ate many different things, but most of theme were simple. During the Nineteenth Century, the potato chip was invented. American Indian George Crum invented them in 1853. He was a chef at a fancy restaurant in Saratoga Springs, New York. Crum made French fries that were too thin to grab with a fork, to make a customer mad. They ate many things but mostly simple things. The enjoyed eating the hamburger, but they ate it on a plate, and not on a bun. Also Dr. Pepper was invented in the Nineteenth Century. A man named Charles Alderton in Waco, Texas invented it in 1885. He was a pharmacist, and he was experimenting with different flavors in soda. Also Nineteenth Century Americans ate oysters, oyster stew, New England clam chowder, many kinds of fruit pies, and seafood. Coffee was served with all meals. Breakfast was served around seven, dinner (now called lunch) at noon (except on Sunday where it was served around two), and supper at six. Nineteenth Century Americans wore completely different clothes than the Twentieth Century Americans. Many young boys and men would wear suits, even as play clothes. Many were dark blue, with or black. There were many ruffles and cuffs. Many men and boys would wear tan colored shoes. Most women wore long hooping skirts, also with many cuffs and ruffles. For work, many men wore blue jeans, after Levi Straus invented them. In the early Nineteenth Century, most people were of the Protestant religion. There were a few Catholics and a few Jews, also. Starting around 1820, many Roman Catholics and German Lutherans immigrated to the United States from Ireland and Germany, respectively. During the Nineteenth Century, many new religious groups were formed. Some examples are the Mormons (The Church of Latter Day Saints), Church of Christ, Christian Scientist, Seventh Day Adventist, the Shakers, and the Jehovah Witness. Many issues, such as slavery and marriage, caused denominations to branch apart. There have been many law changes in the United States since the Nineteenth Century, including many major ones, including slavery. In 1854, Massachusetts, Oregon, Minnesota, Iowa, Illinois, Ohio, Pennsylvania, New York and Vermont all had prohibition laws that lasted until the beginning of the Civil War. From when the colonies became a country until the early Nineteenth Century, slavery was very wide spread, especially in the South. Many farmers and Plantation owners in the south had hundred or even thousands of slaves. Around 1860, there were as many as four million slaves, making up at east one-third of the population. During the early Nineteenth Century, many Northerners fought for abolition, while many Southerners fought for pro slavery. Some Southerners went as far as to say slavery was in the Bible, or that it helped the African-Americans, because they would have had a far worse life in Africa. The Compromise of 1850 was a series of laws passed in 1850, by the United States Cong ress hoped to regain peace and end the fighting between the North and South. These laws helped delay civil war for about 10 years. However, from 1861 until 1865 the Civil War was fought to keep the Southern states from leaving the Union over slavery. The Union won on April 9, 1865, when General Lee Surrenders to General Grant at Appomatox. On January 31, 1865, the Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution was proposed and on December 6, 1865 it was ratified. It outlawed slavery in all parts of The United States. Proposed on June 13, 1866, and ratified on July 9, 1868, the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution stated that all people born in the United States should have equal rights. However, even after the Civil War, most African Americans were still not treated equally. In Mississippi, for example, all African Americans had to have proof

How to Use a Paragraph College Essay Sample

How to Use a Paragraph College Essay SampleA paragraph college essay sample is a well-written passage from a first year college class. It is used to help students familiarize themselves with the structure of essay writing. Students may write their own examples of paragraph college essay samples, but if they are using the help of a software program, they may want to make the sample more personal and descriptive.There are several kinds of software programs available. Some are free and some cost money. Be sure to ask for the price before you download your paragraph college essay sample. The more you pay, the higher quality the sample will be.There are also software programs that allow you to create your own paragraphs from different points of view. As a writer, I've found these helpful for teaching students how to write and research, as well as how to construct paragraphs, and I've used them for teaching creativity and analysis, as well.A paragraph college essay sample comes in two vari eties. The first kind, called a 'paragraph generator,' uses templates to produce a multitude of paragraphs. They are designed for a variety of kinds of texts, including both classics and poetry. You can then paste the paragraphs into the paragraphs college essay sample provided by the software.If you prefer to create your own paragraphs, your best option is to use a software program that allows you to create your own paragraphs. The best of these are free, but you will need to pay for a real estate agency on Craigslist or an estate agent. I find the second one the most helpful.You can make the best use of a paragraph college essay sample when you know how to interpret it correctly. For example, if the paragraph college essay sample contains several sentences such as: 'Due to budget cuts, some courses were cancelled, thus affecting the overall enrollment numbers'due to budget cuts, many professors had to reduce the number of classes available to students,' you must edit the sentences properly, avoiding confusing the reader.Make your paragraph college essay sample as personal as possible. Whatever you do, don't post a paragraph college essay sample that you don't like or that you are unsure how to use.

Teddy Bear essays

Teddy Bear essays Theodore Roosevelt, 26th President of the United states Was the youngest President in the nations history. he took office at the age of 42. Roosevelt had been vice President for only six months when president William McKinley was assassinated. He vigorously led Congress and the American public toward progressive reforms and a strong foreign policy. He took The view that the president as a "steward of the people" should take whatever action necessary for the public good unless expressly forbidden by law or the constitution. "I did not usurp power, " he wrote, "but i did greatly broaden the use of executive power." Roosevelt's youth differed sharply from that of the log cabin Presidents. he was born in New York city on October 27,1858 into a wealthy family, but he too struggledagainst ill health. When Theodore was about 12, his father told him that he would need a strong body to give his mind a chance to develop fully. The next year, while on a trip to Maine, Theodore was tormented by two mischievous boys. He felt ashamed because he was not strong enough to fight back. Roosevelt's father built a gymnasium in the family home, and Theodore exercised there regularly. He overcame his asthma and built up unusual physical strength. Roosevelt studied under tutors until he entered Harvard University in 1876 at the age of 18. He earned good grades in college. Roosevelt graduated from Harvard in 1880. In October 1879, Roosevelt met Alice Hathaway Lee. Roosevelt courted Alice during his senior year at Harvard. They married on his 22nd birthday. A double tragedy struck on Feb. 14, 1884. Alice Roosevelt died two days after the birth of a daughter. On the same day, Roosevelt's mother died if typhoid fever. Roosevelt spent much of the nex ...

How to Write a Persuasive Essay Easy Steps to Writing a Winning Paper

How to Write a Persuasive Essay Easy Steps to Writing a Winning Paper In order to write an effective persuasive essay, the student should be well informed on the topic, an effort that can be accomplished through researching and reading rather extensively about that topic. How to Write a Persuasive Essay In a persuasive essay, the student at the college level writes to convince the reader – usually the professor – to believe something. It includes the writer taking a position on an issue, either for or against it, using logic and reason to illustrate the point they are making is indeed legitimate. Their argument is supported by evidence: the stating of facts, the execution of logical reasoning, examples from a text with an analysis of its specific content, and the quoting of experts on the subject being examined. If you are looking for persuasive essay examples, here is a great one below FREE PERSUASIVE ESSAY EXAMPLE In order to write an effective persuasive essay, the student should be well informed on the topic, an effort that can be accomplished through researching and reading rather extensively about that topic. Also, every argument – in this case, the paper’s thesis: basically the argument being put forth in the essay – needs to be debatable; that is, an issue should have two sides, the writer choosing one of them to argue with supporting evidence. Steps to Writing a Persuasive Essay These common steps will help you understand how to write a persuasive essay. STEP 1. The student must choose their position on a subject or topic. If they are unaware of their position on a topic, they can take a subject that interests them and ask themselves: â€Å"Which side of the issue or problem do I want to take and write about? How can I best argue that point – and what evidence can I use to make that argument an effective one?† STEP 2. They must analyze their audience. In the case of the student in college or university level, their professor will most likely be their audience – the reader of their persuasive essay. This means the student should keep in mind that the essay should be written in a confident, informative and assertive tone, as put forth in a professional, academic manner. STEP 3. The student, after choosing their position on a topic, should research to find evidence of the position they’re looking to take. After all, a persuasive essay will be as effective as the evidence supporting its argument. A library is an ideal place to begin research; in most cases, the library at an academic institution will have employed a person or staff whose primary job is keeping the students abreast of the latest research practices and theories. STEP 4. Structure, outline the persuasive essay. In this step, the student is to figure out what they will include, how they will analyze each supporting point, and in what order they will do so as they write the essay. After narrowing the focus of their argument and finding evidence that supports it, they should create an outline that includes first an introduction paragraph declaring their Thesis – their Thesis Statement – followed by briefly listed points that support it. Each body paragraph will focus on one point at a time, the ones listed in the introductory paragraph, which support the original Thesis Statement. Finally, the student must include in their persuasive essay outline a concluding paragraph tying the paper together, solidifying their argument as a whole. STEP 5. Write the essay, edit it, rewrite if needed, revise, then submit to the instructor. It may benefit the student to have a fellow student read their persuasive essay to see if it makes a strong enough argument. Also, many institutions in higher education hire writing tutors, and may even have a writing center for students. TOP 101 BEST PERSUASIVE ESSAY TOPICS Persuasive Essay Outline Here is the basic outline of a persuasive essay: Introduction Hook interesting fact or story to grab the reader’s attention. Background information – provides context around which to build your argument and acquaints the reader with the subject. Thesis – a clear, concise statement of your main argument. Your thesis gives the reader a map or the path your argument will follow. Body Paragraphs (2, 3, or more) Each body paragraph contains the following: One point that backs up your thesis Topic sentence that reflects the main idea of the paragraph Support for the thesis Evidence. Provide information from a reliable source that supports the main idea of the paragraph. Analysis. Show how the evidence you provide builds a case for the argument and construct this argument here. Conclusion Briefly summarize the main point of the essay Establish significance of the topic (Why should the reader be interested?) Give the reader food for thought has completed persuasive essays on various topics. The experience we have accumulated in the process allows us to work on a virtually endless number of topics within all complexity levels. If you want a top notch persuasive essay, youve come to the right place. Place an order, and we will provide you with an excellent persuasive essay written up to the standard. Our writers always stay in touch with customers to make sure their needs are fully met.

Role of religion in Paleolithic era Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Role of religion in Paleolithic era - Essay Example Religion defined the boundaries between the evil and the code. This means that every life revolved around religion as faith and a creed to the universe. This paper analyses the context of religion in the Paleolithic period citing specific examples. As a discussion platform, the paper will also explain the function of religion in the same regime. Religion defined the impressive accomplishment in the Paleolithic era. This elaborated the origin and existence to life with a detailed coverage of the creator of the universe. The context also highlighted expectations within the societal setting for every mankind (Judge & Langdon, 211). The belief of human existence allocated specific mandates and roles for a given community. Religion defined the existence of mankind in the Paleolithic era as a lifestyle. The early population believed in devotion and sacrifice dedicating life to observing a given religion. Christianity as doctrine served as the cornerstone of family establishment. The moral teaching revolved around a religious aspect where the spiritual holiness depicted a given lifestyle. Religion also acted as a moral regulatory to influence and condemn behaviors (Judge & Langdon, 171). Religious leaders acted as mediators between the living and the spiritual world. The context of religion depicted a given direction for any society in the Paleolithic period. Religion defined individual endurance to achieve a higher divine calling in the Paleolithic period. The early nations obtained a spiritual calling from exercising true religious morals and behavior. The society respected the spiritual community that also acted as the higher rank of a community. A given communal decision relied on the outcome of the religious society and group. Religion acted as the moderate between parties. In the first instances, religion connected man and god, while in the second instance religion united different communal parties. The religion also served as a companion to the early

Personal Statement on Philosophy of Education Research Paper

Personal Statement on Philosophy of Education - Research Paper Example From the understanding of the historical literature philosophy of education, it is worth noting that a learner or every child must be identified as a unique individual who needs to secure knowledge towards stimulating intellectual, emotional, social, and physical growth and maturity. Therefore, as an educator (Dhawan 79), it is my desire to help each student to meet his or her fullest potential in educational growth and maturity by providing for them with a safe environment that supports risk-taking and inviting sharing of ideas towards their knowledge growth and development. Notably, I believe that the three educational philosophy elements that I must apply to achieve these goals. These elements are usually conductive towards establishing proper learning and developing an environment in every learner’s education or learning process. These elements include the expectation of the teacher as the guide to any educational process; learners should be allowed to follow their natural curiosity and the same should to direct the learning process, and the last element is promoting respect among the learners. Therefore, it is understandable that it is my role as a teacher to guide and provide access to information to the students rather than being the primary source of the information to the students or learners. Hence, the learner should be in the forefront in search of knowledge such that their search of knowledge is quenched as they learn to provide an appropriate answer to their questions.... Hence, the learner should be in the forefront in search of knowledge such that their search of knowledge is quenched as they learn to provide an appropriate answer to their questions (Kilpatrick 38). Thus, the construction of knowledge needs the opportunity for discovering new practices and skills in authentic situations (Frankena 90). Therefore, as a teacher I understand that adequate access to hand on activities, as well as adequate space and time to students, is vital enable them to use the identified material to apply and reinforce acquired knowledge thereby allowing them with an individual opportunity to construct and discover knowledge. Additionally, other than providing learning materials and self-discoveries opportunities to the learners, it is vital to ensure that these materials are relevant and meaningful to the life and the interest of the learner. Achieving these targets can only be met through a constructive and thoughtful curriculum that revolves mainly around or foste rs intrinsic interests that motivate and stimulates the learner’s passion and interest (Kilpatrick 35). Therefore, curriculum is a vital tool that will help me to follow the right path towards helping the learner to achieve his or her interests and goals objectively and successfully (Elias 213). Notably, an effective curriculum can only be generated from learners’ ideas and set goals rather than creating the curriculum for educator’s self-imaginations (Frankena 132). In other words, as an educator, I will give students the opportunity to help in negating a curriculum and this will be achieved through viewing and analysing their interests. It is worth noting that when the students are taught by their own the curriculum, they will

The Benefits of Algae :: Environment Nature Ecology Essays Papers

The Benefits of Algae How often also does a human use or eat algae in his daily life? When most people think of algae, they probably think of something that is slimy, gross, and dirty. Algae may irritate people because it grows in unwanted places like swimming pools and boats. Algae can be toxic and it is slimy, but algae benefits people in all aspects of life. Humans obtain algin from algae to help make ice cream, pudding, face cream, and shoe polish. Algae is present in hamburgers, yoghurt, and cakes. Algae also helps make explosives, insulation, and paint. Algae produces most of the oxygen that animals breathe and without it the world would suffocate. Also, according to Helen Challand, "It is now believed that the oil and gas formed millions of years ago in the ground were created by algae" (20). What if the world could find a way to dispose of sewage, produce food, and purify bodies of water at the same time? The Aztecs have proven that this idea is possible. Lake Texcoco flowed near the Aztec civilization. The Aztecs disposed of their waste in the lake. The human waste added nitrogen to the water. The nitrogen helped algae to grow, and then the algae performed photosynthesis. Photosynthesis gives off oxygen, and oxygen purifies polluted water. The Aztec's also abstracted the algae from the lake and used it for food. Certain types of algae like red and green algae are edible. Many cultures have eaten seaweed for centuries. Wendy O'Leary Dunn states, "They think of seaweed as a vegetable and eat it as we eat broccoli or spinach" (18). Therefore, when humans dispose of their waste in bodies of water, they help algae grow. Then, the algae cleans the water and they can eat the algae. The process of disposing waste, producing food, and purifying bodies of water is useful today. For example, communities that live in the desert, like in the southwestern United States and in the Middle East, can use this process to farm and survive. They can use the newly purified water for their crops or for their own consumption. In addition, when algae purifies water, it releases oxygen.

Value of Codeswitching in an Interaction

MZUZU UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF EDUCATION DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGES AND LITERATURE TO : MR NTHALA FROM : ELEANOR MACHESO (BAE/2A/53/09) COURSE CODE: EEN 4703 COURSE TITLE: LANGUAGE CONTACT AND BILINGUALISM QUSTION : EXPLAIN THE VALUE OF CODE SWITCHING AMONG BILINGUALS IN TRANSACTION DUE DATE : 6th MAY 2013 In linguistics, code switching is changing between two or more languages, or language varieties, in the context of a single conversation. Multilinguals sometimes use elements of multiple languages in conversing with each other.Thus, code-switching is the use of more than one linguistic variety in a manner consistent with the syntax and phonology of each variety. According to Weinreich (1953), in the 1940s and 1950s, many scholars considered code-switching to be a sub-standard use of language. Since the 1980s, however, most scholars have recognised it is a normal, natural product of bilingual and multilingual language use. With this recognition in mind, Muysken (2005), states that switchi ng is not an isolated phenomenon but rather a central part of bilingual discourse.With regards to this view, this essay will examine the value of code switching among bilinguals in transaction. There are a number of different reasons why people code switch and thus code switching holds value for bilinguals. Firstly, during a transaction, code switching is of value because it can be used by bilinguals to show identity with a group. For example, (Di Pietro,1977) reports that Italian immigrants would tell a joke in English and give the punch line in Italian, not only because it is better said in Italian but also to stress the fact that they all belong to the same minority group, with shared values and experiences.Very often, people code switch both consciously and unconsciously to act or talk more like those around them. Code switching therefore allows the establishment of rapport among bilinguals involved in a transaction. With this rapport established it becomes easy for bilinguals t o participate in a transaction easily. Secondly, during a transaction, code switching is of great semantic significance. Gumperz (1982), stresses that switching at a particular moment conveys semantically significant information. It is a communicative resource that builds on participant’s perception of two languages.Lexical choice conveys meaning during code switching. Gal (1979) reinforced this view by stating that listeners interpret codes witching as an indicator of the speaker’s attitude, or communicative intents and emotions as code switching is a tool for conveying appropriate linguistic and social information. By the same token, David (2003) describes a range of speech acts like reprimands, directives, requests, and warnings that are conveyed by using different intricate strategies to show the semantic significance in certain specific situations.Another reason why code switching is of great value to bilinguals is that, it can be used when there is the need of ma king a point, that is, to emphasize or highlight the significance of a given word or topic in the speech event. These reasons may bear pedagogic significance because in many cases it is the use of emphasis or the intent of assigning importance to a word or a topic that directly correlates with the extent of a respondent’s knowledge about a given topic and his or her choice of language.For example Gal (1979) reports several instances in which code switching at the end of an argument not only helps to end the interaction but may also serve to emphasize a point. She has taken an example from English-German code switching and stressed that switching from English to German is a means of adding more force to the final statement. Lastly, code switching has the value of communicating the mood of a speaker during a transaction. According to Malik (1994), usually when bilinguals are for example tired or angry, code switching takes place with a new dimension.This means that, when the sp eaker is in the right state of mind, he or she can find the appropriate word or expression in the base language. Very often he or she knows exactly the word in both the languages that he or she is competent in but the base language may be more available at the point of time when the speaker has a disturbed mind. Such circumstances may create a hurdle in getting the appropriate word or phrase in the language in which the speaker may be more proficient if he or she is not mentally agitated.For example a bilingual competent in Tumbuka (base language) and Sena may use Tumbuka expressions more than Sena when he or she is angry. It can therefore be concluded that there are many values of code switching in particular social contexts. The ability of the interlocutors who are able to speak more than one language fluently plays an important role during their interaction. This essay has shown that the ability of bilinguals to use more than one language in a transaction is of certain value to t he speakers BIBLIOGRAPHY David, M. K. (2003). The Pakistani Community in Machang, Kelantan: Reasons for Language Shift.International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 161, pp47-53. Di Pietro, R. (1977). Codes witching as a Verbal Strategy Among Bilinguals. Washington, DC: Hemisphere Gal, S. (1979). Language Shift: Social Determinants of Linguistic Change in Bilingual Austria. New York: Academic Gumperz, J. J. (1982). Conversational Code switching in Discourse Strategies. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. Malik, L. (1994). Sociolinguistics: A Study of Code switching. New Delhi: Anmol. Weinreich, U. (1953). Languages in Contact. The Hague: Mouton