Types of Chinese Masks

The origins of Chinese masks are rooted in ancient religious shamanism. Over the centuries and many generations, artists refined the use of colors on Chinese masks. Today, color continues to be used to indicate emotions or give clues about the identity of a character. Types of Chinese Masks There are several types of Chinese masks: dancer's masks, masks for festive occasions, masks for newborns, masks designed to keep homes safe and theatrical masks. When used on the stage, masks help viewers determine, at a glance, the attributes of a theatrical character.Masks are usually made from wood. However, Chinese opera masks, possibly the style that is best known in the west, are actually painted on actors' faces. Color Meanings Many colors are used in any given Chinese mask, but the dominant colors impart specific characteristics. Red used on masks indicates a positive character. Red can also mean prosperity, loyalty, courage and heroism. Red shows intelligence and bravery. Purple is somet imes used as a substitute for red. In its own right, purple can represent justice and sophistication. Black means that the character is neutral.Black also indicates impartiality and integrity. Blue faces are also an indication of neutrality. In addition, blue can show stubbornness, astuteness and fierceness. Green shows that the character is violent, impulsive and lacks restraint. Yellow tells the audience that the character is cruel. Yellow can also mean evil, hypocritical, ambitious or sly. White faces indicate that the character is evil and hypocritical. Gold and silver show the audience that the character is a god or a demon. The character also may be a ghost or a spirit. Gold and silver symbolize mystery.

Happy Nation

Happy Nation What is happiness? When asked this question, many people would have many different answers. Some may refer to happiness as family, and others may declare money as one of their main reasons for happiness. Indeed, all people are different. However, happy people usually have one thing in common and it is where they live. So, what should a country have, or look like in order to deem itself the happiest? According to New York Times’ reporter Nicholas D. Kristof, Costa Rica is the current â€Å"winner† of the â€Å"World Database of Happiness. This small Central American country has accomplished monumental undertakings to deserve this enormous title. For instance, Costa Rica abolished its army, preserved nature, and made investments in education more profitable than investments in artillery. In fact, Costa Ricans can be proud of their country and fairly deem themselves the happiest nation; however, Americans, for example, can also deem their country as the happi est ones. Moreover, the United States has everything to be at the top of the list of â€Å"happy nations. A rich environment, high level education, enriched family and international relationships would be some of the reasons why American citizens may consider themselves to be the happiest nation in the world. First of all, the United States have a very rich environment to be happy with. The environment of the US consists of sparkling lakes and streams full of fish, making fishing a popular hobby of Americans sportsman. In addition, an abundance of cascading mountains and forests full of deer, wild boars, pheasants, birds and other animals make hunters and naturalists alike happy to be here.In fact, every year more and more people retreat to the mountains and campsites to hunt or vacation and enjoy these natural amenities. To name a few others, skiing, snowboarding and biking are sports that becoming more popular these days. In 2009 for example, according to the National Ski and Sno wboarders Retailers Association, 5. 5 million people participated in the sport in 2009. The United States’ national parks encourage enthusiasts from its natives and tourists from all over the world.In addition, the US has many bodies of water, but the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, on the East and West Coasts of the United States, offer many opportunities. In fact, Americans love sea food and having access to the two largest oceans makes eating fish daily a common occurrence. Moreover, having two oceans spanning two major coast lines provides picturesque sandy beaches for comfortable living and popular vacation spots. From California to Oregon, and Maine to Florida, these beaches and scenic spots draw many to live and vacation here. Besides the lakes, mountains and beaches, the United States has many more wonders of nature.For instance, the Grand Canyon in Arizona, Yellowstone National Park in Wyoming, the Arches National Park in Utah as well as Yosemite National Park in Califo rnia all of which draw many visitors. Only Grand Canyon visited 4. 41 million tourists in 2008. In addition, Niagara Falls, sharing its border with Canada is also one of the most widely visited natural attractions among Americans. In other words, the United States has an incredible environment that can easily be deemed the best in the world. The second important reason why Americans can consider themselves a happy nation is education.American education is widely known as the best around of the world. In fact, most notable famous scientists, archaeologists and sportsman graduated from colleges and universities in the United States such as inventor Sicorsky, sportsmen Tiger Woods and a scientist Linus Pauling. Besides that, almost every person who had a chance to graduate from any of the United States’ universities countries became later successful in native country. Indeed, a diploma from an American educational institution is easily accepted in other countries; therefore, the re are not difficulties with finding job .In addition, there is also another extraordinary reason that supports American education opportunities. It is financial aid. Very few counties provide financial aid to low-income students, and American citizens who are offered this opportunity should be very proud of it. Despite the current economic downfall, the United States continues to provide this opportunity allowing students to obtain an education in higher learning. For instance, in 2008 the United States Government provided nearly 91 billion in financial aid to 104 million students.Moreover, according to President Obama the financial aid budget will increase this year and more students will be able to finish their study. Furthermore, the American government creates special programs that allow students from foreign countries to come to the United States on student visas. Those programs are very popular among foreign students because they not only provide a decent opportunity to gain a valued experienc e, but also provide job opportunities after graduation. Briefly, high level education is one of the reasons that support America as a happy nation.Finally, enriched family and international relationships are also good reasons that support the American â€Å"Happy Nation† theory. In fact, family, for almost every American citizen, is the biggest treasure in the world. There is no other place in the world where people send so many greeting cards to loved ones as they do here in the United States. For example, in the Ukraine cards are sent for happy events such as, birthdays, weddings or holidays, however it would be interpreted as a personal offense to receive a sympathy card when someone dies.It is even impossible to find such kind cards in the Ukraine because they simply are not for sale! Therefore, Americans have to be proud of having such a nicely-shared tradition. Another practiced tradition that may deem as â€Å"American only† is the Thanksgivin g holiday. In fact, this favorite United States’ holiday is unfamiliar to other countries. Indeed, there is no other place in the world where people, once a year – no matter what, spend many hours flying or driving to spend this holiday with their loved ones enjoying family traditions.Besides the family relationships, Americans have excellent international relationships. Around the world the United States is known as a strong, wealthy and successful county. Moreover, during international conflicts the United States’ opinion often plays an important role in the negotiating process. In fact, in 2002 the United States of America solved Arab-Israeli Conflict between Palestine and Israel. Indeed, America is looked upon for its strength. Besides good negotiation skills America is known as a very welcomed and peaceful country.Throughout time thousands of people from hundreds of countries, despite their race or religion, settled and made their homes in the United States . In other words, a country where discrimination does not exist and holiday traditions are practiced from generation to generation can easily be deemed a joyful place in the world. The United States has everything it needs to consider it a happy country. People from around of the world who visited the US at least once noticed how glorious the United States is.Moreover, the relationships that the American Government built over time with other countries may also be one of the reasons why American citizens are proud of their country. In addition, the high level of education that is world renowned may also make citizens feel happy. In other words, a happy nation is comprised of hard-working satisfied people who enjoy their environment, families and homes, who take pride and are patriotic, and who support educational opportunities provided by a government respected by other nations – that country is the United States of America.

Evidence-Based Practice Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Evidence-Based Practice - Coursework Example The resources must include online search engines and access to patient’s history, which must be provided to the nursing staff for proper implementation of EBP. There is limited access to data, and the nurses do not have complete information about this practice. There is limited access to the analysis of the data for the nurses to work efficiently (Hockenberry, Wilson, & Barrera, 2006). Time allocation is a very important issue, which is one of the biggest obstacles to implementing EBP. In  order to promote the practice of EBP, some institutes pay the nurses to take a time-out and participate in the activities of EBP so that they can have complete knowledge about it, and it becomes easier for them to apply it in their work. Working environment of the institutions is important to support EBP. Some institutions have such an environment, which neglects EBP. For EBP to have the potential impact on patient care environment must be provided to motivate and implement EBP (Hockenberry, Wilson, & Barrera, 2006). The above-mentioned obstacles are very necessary to be removed in order to implement EBP for the facilitation and effective care of the patients. All the staff must work together to help each other and also help each other to implement the applications of EBP. The patient-care is the main motto, which can be achieved to a greater extent with the help of

Ex-fellons and the Right to Vote Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Ex-fellons and the Right to Vote - Essay Example Above all, the hallmark of a thriving and ever growing nation is that time and again it dares to face the questions and issues that tend to be an impediment to the well being and dignity of some or all of its citizens. In some states of the United States of America, ex-felons, that is the people who committed a crime and have served the concomitant sentence, are not allowed to vote. This very provision not only deprives a good proportion of the citizens of their essential and basic rights, but also in a way tends to compromise their sense of dignity and respect. In a social, political, legal and humanitarian context, the ex-felons should have the right to vote in this country. The provision of debarring the ex-felons from voting is not only anti-democratic, but also contrary to the objective of enabling the ex-felons rejoin the society as worthy equals. It could reasonably be understood that a great many people tend to have reservations, as far as the task of taking an initiative about mixing with and employing ex-felons is concerned. Yet, the very society which punished these people for the crimes they committed also carries the responsibility of assuring that once they have served their sentence, they do not get stigmatized and persecuted, once they are set free. However, the provision for restricting the ex-felons from voting not only amounts to a state sponsored persecution, but also does much to further alienate and sideline these individuals. Genuinely speaking, how could one expect these people to rejoin the society as law-abiding and responsible citizens, when they state formally declares them to be untrustworthy, by debarring them from voting. Ma ny people tend to put forward the argument that serving a sentence is not a guarantee that the ex-felons have abstained from their criminal and unlawful tendencies. However, at a deeper analysis, this argument smacks predominantly of abject prejudice, rather than being logical enough to deserve a blanket generalization. There was a time when many thought that the blacks should not have the right to vote. There was also a time when many felt that the women should not have the right to vote. In retrospect, everybody now understands that such provisions were based on ruthless prejudice and senseless biases. The plea for allowing the ex-felons to vote ought to be seen in the same light. A Democracy cannot deny a future to a citizen, simply because one had a tainted past. United States of America is a country based on the rule of the law and is run as per the sacrosanct constitutional arrangements. As per the law of the land, every citizen guilty of violating the law should face a trial and be appropriately punished by a court of law. The very same law also states that no citizen can be punished twice for committing one crime, and the act of punishing an ex-felon for a crime, for which one has already served a sentence, deserves to be labeled as being extrajudicial. Now, when the people who have feelings against ex-felons say that these people should be punished for their trespasses, it is just and understandable. Yet, advocating the withdrawal of the voting rights of ex-felons, especially when they have already paid their debt to the society, is positively akin to extrajudicial and unconstitutional lynching, if nothing else. Declaring a human to be an unequal and non-citizen, especially when one has immensely suffered for the crime one committed, perhaps not only at the level of one’

A flying camera or a drone camera Research Paper

A flying camera or a drone camera - Research Paper Example Sergei concentrates more on the bright side of the picture in his video and can be seen proudly promoting his prototype camera. But, he does not talk some serious limitations associated with these cameras which many may be concerned with. This response paper aims to discuss the positive and negative aspects of Sergei’s ted talk. It will also explore how much room there is for more improvements in the area of flying cameras with the help of research literature. The applause heard during the video when Sergei uses a small device to raise the camera high up in the air shows how taken the audience is with his demonstration and ideas. Sergei does not simply shoot arrows in thin air, but considers it critically valuable to also give a small demo to validate his talk. This action helps to acutely familiarize the audience with the product which the video is trying to promote. Another positive aspect of the video is that the presenter was lively and energetic. Words flew out of his mouth effortlessly and the points identified were briefly discussed, but in an animated fashion. There was a rigor clearly noticeable in the way information was presented to the audience. Overall, it was like going on a riveting ride with the presenter because nothing seemed boring and unimaginative. The presenter digs with acute intelligence into his subject and certain intricate features were prioritized and talked about like what innovations went into the constructio n of the device. It is implied in the video that these little drones are capable of capturing amazing footage which shows why these things are rapidly becoming â€Å"today’s must-have photo accessories† (Kolonia). Also, Sergei encourages his audience to be imaginative and creative in context of different ways in which the prototype camera can be used. Surely, there cannot be one way or one application for this device. For example, it can be used in wildlife field work.

The questions of Chemistry for Life Sciences Assignment

The questions of Chemistry for Life Sciences - Assignment Example This paper consists of 6 questions on 6 pages. Section A 1 (a) Balance the equation, given below, for the reaction in which H2Se is formed from Al2Se3 Al2Se3 + 6 H2O > ---------------> 2 Al (OH) 3 + 3 H2Se (1 mark) 1 (b) Describe how the covalent bonds are formed in an H2Se molecule. Selenium has 6 valence electrons. Two of these electrons are involved in the formation of covalent bonds with two other hydrogen atoms, the other valence electrons remain as lone pairs. An unpaired electron of each hydrogen atom pairs with a valence electron of Selenium, forming two covalent bonds. H : Se : H (2 marks) 1 (c) The hydrogen halides contain polar covalent bonds. 1 (c) (i) State what is meant by the term polar as it applies to a covalent bond. The covalent bonds in hydrogen halides are polar in nature, because halides are more electronegative than hydrogen. The shared electron pair is pulled towards the electronegative halide, leading to unequal sharing of electron pair. This causes charge se paration, making the hydrogen more electropositive and the halide more electronegative (dipole). (1 mark) 1(c) (ii) Explain why the H–Cl bond is more polar than the H–I bond. The electronegativity of Chlorine is 3.16 on the Linus Pauling scale, while that of Iodine is 2.66. Since the electronegativity of chlorine is more than iodine, the pull on the shared electron pair in H-Cl is more than in H-I. ... Experiment Initial [P] / mol dm–3 Initial [Q] / mol dm–3 Initial rate / mol dm–3 s–1 1 1.2 ? 10–3 2.0 ? 10–3 1.8 ? 10–5 2 6.75 2.0 ? 10–3 2.7 ? 10–5 3 0.60 ? 10–3 6.0 ? 10–3 21.6? 10–9 4 1.8 ? 10–3 5.49? 10–2 0.30 ? 10–5 (3 marks) 2 (a) (ii) Using the data from Experiment 1, calculate a value for the rate constant, k, and state its units. Calculation............................................................................................................... Rate constant, k, for experiment 1 is calculated as follows: rate = k[P][Q]2 1.8 ? 10–5 mol dm–3 s–1= k [1.2 ? 10–3 mol dm–3] [2.0 ? 10–3 mol dm–3]2 Therefore, k= =0.375?104 mol-2 dm-6 s-1= 3.75?103 mol-2 dm-6 s-1 The rate constant, k, is calculated as 3.75?103 mol-2 dm-6 s-1 Units: mol-2 dm-6 s-1 (3 marks) 2 (b) The decomposition of compound R is a zero order reaction. On the axes below sketch a line to show the relationship between the initial rate of reaction of R and the initial concentration of R at constant temperature. Initial rate Initial [R] (1 mark) 3. Define the following terms used in reaction kinetics. (a) Overall order of reaction The overall order of reaction is defined as the sum of the order of reaction of individual reactants, or sum of the powers of the concentrations of the individual reactants. If rate=k[A]x [B]y, then Overall order of reaction= x+y (1mark) (b) Rate constant Rate constant is defined as the coefficient of the ratio between rate of reaction and the product of the concentration of the reactants. k= rate/[A]x [B]y (1mark) (Total 2 marks) 4. The equilibrium reaction 3Fe(s) + 4H2O(g) - Fe3O4(s) + 4H2(g) was at one time used to make hydrogen; the tri-iron tetroxide was returned to the blast furnace to be converted back to iron. Write

A Report on a Research to Identify the Best Practice to Implement in Essay

A Report on a Research to Identify the Best Practice to Implement in the Field at Electrocom Ltd - Essay Example The paper defines the concept of organisational learning and its applicability to Electrocom Ltd. Three areas have been explored and they include a review of the use of strategy by an organisation as a process of learning, the structure and systems in use at Electrocom Ltd, and teamwork and leadership roles are discussed in relation to organisational learning. According to Senge (1992), a learning organisation is â€Å"...a place where people continually expand their capacity to create results they truly desire, where new and expansive patterns of thinking are nurtured, where collective aspiration is set free and where people are continually learning how to learn† (p. 1). Furthermore, he developed an organisational learning framework based on five disciplines namely personal mastery, mental models, shared vision, team learning, and systems thinking. These disciplines, which served as a representation of the long term learning practice for both the individual and the organisati on, are discussed below (Senge, 1992): Personal Mastery – this is where individual employees develop their own capabilities in delivery of desired results. In addition, employees create a society in which all colleagues are encouraged to improve themselves in accordance with the organisational goals and objectives. Mental Models – through reflection, individuals continually clarify, rectify, and improve their personal view of the world as well as see how they model decisions and individual actions. Shared Vision – individuals establish workgroups within which they build a committed spirit to develop a shared image of universal desires and guiding principles and practices which will support the vision. Team Learning – this is where relevant thinking skills of different groups of people enable them develop intelligence and an ability greater than the talent of each individual member put together. Systems Thinking – this is the language used to unders tand and describe the relationships and forces that shape the system’s behaviour. This discipline helps employees and managers at the same level to develop a way to effectively change the systems and act in accordance with economic and natural processes of the world. Organisational learning is the ideal concept of coping with change in an organisation as it engages the minds and hearts of all participating staff in a continuous and harmonious change that is productive and designed to achieve genuine results wanted by the stakeholders of the organisation (Covey, 1992). This process enables individuals to be creative and learn collectively to develop and encourage innovation and ability to respond to global competition rapidly. In short, organisational learning encompasses constant smartness as the learning process is planned, systematic and in accordance with the strategic goals of the organisation. Electrocom Ltd is working towards establishing competencies that are consisten t with attributes of organisational learning. During this period of transformation, Electrocom Ltd is expected to undergo organisational change that is directed towards flexibility of the organisation in terms of responding to the competitive market changes. Emphasis has been placed on cross-functional teaming and establishment of programs to enable people to contribute greatly to the development of the organisation. Electrocom Ltd is an electronics company based in North West, employing around 700 employees. It

Does Religion Cause War Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Does Religion Cause War - Essay Example Beliefs are the key word of the definition. When an individual or group has a set of religious beliefs, these beliefs are their life. Religious beliefs are the main component reflecting decisions that one may make. This means that religious beliefs do not cause war but may influence decisions made after a war has already begun. This can raise argument but truth has shown that most war has begun as a result of territory and possessions and not solely because of religion. Religion regarding beliefs has been an issue of war since creation. Every individual practices some form of religion like Christianity, Judaism, or Atheism. Each form of religion is similar in the sense that the belief is a religion and a way of life. Each religion is also quite different. Many like those in the Christian religion are persecuted for their religious beliefs and cannot be caught acting in a Christian manner. The persecution creates a war in the life of the Christian. They must choose between honoring th eir beliefs and being persecuted. The United States, according to a poll by ABC news consist of 83% Christians. This may be because Christianity is so well tolerated in America and Christians can freely practice Christianity. In other areas of the world Christianity is not accepted and has been known to cause war. This war is more so between the Christian and Muslim communities.

Review of Related Literatures and Studies Essay Example for Free

Review of Related Literatures and Studies Essay Local Studies: One of the past local studies that is relevant to our research was made way back 2009. I think it has something to help in our current issues about our researches.   On December 5, 2009, Mapua Institute of Technology finalized their research named â€Å"The effects of Computer Addiction to the Academic Performances of Mapua Institute of Technology First year Students†. It seems like familiar or should I say Same Title but in our research we include Computer Games Addiction and also its effect on academic performance on selected freshmen CCIS students. This research was made by 4 Mapua Students. In their research, they interviewed 16 first year students about study habits and computer addiction. As the survey results, 11 participants were classified computer addicts. The results of that survey back 2009 showed that computer addicts spends more time playing computer than studying. Their research also concluded that computer addiction have lead students to have a declining grade on their academic performances of first year students in the said University. With the help of this past research, we can make our research stronger and more useful. It will give us more information and ideas that are related to what are the goals we want to achieve. Philline Kate Vera C. Palaà ±a, Juan Paolo D. Rabacio,Marjorie Maralit, Nidia P.D.C. Andrade. The-Effects-of-Computer-Addiction-to-the-Academic-Performances-of-Mapua-Institute-of-Technology-First-Year-Students. 5 December 2009. http://www.scribd.com. Philline Kate Vera C. Palaà ±aJuan Paolo D. RabacioMarjorie Maralit Nidia P.D.C. AndradeMapua Institute of Technology. Local Literature: â€Å"Video games will ruin your children’s future†- Cesar Tolentino, a Market Research Analyst and Consultant here in the Philippines. In his blog/ article on http://www.gdap.org.ph, where the title of his featured blog is â€Å"Turning the tide: Changing the Filipino Outlook Towards Gaming†. He stated there that â€Å"there are cases of overuse and abuse among gamers for online games in the country, we should advocate responsible gaming†. In this case, many students failed in their academic performance because of too much playing or becoming addict in computer games. He stated also, † It’s all a matter of mind conditioning. Often those who became so addicted to games and suffered low grades or failures in school also have family problems. Responsible gamers know their priorities. There are actually many valedictorians and dean’s listers who play video and computer games too.† I think this will help us in finding the reason why many students keep playing computer games at all. Tolentino, Cesar. features/turning-the-tide-changing-the-filipino-outlook-towards-gaming/. 6 July 2011. http://www.gdap.org.ph. http://www.gdap.org.ph/features/turning-the-tide-changing-the-filipino-outlook-towards-gaming/.

Recruiting Tanglewood Stores Essay Example for Free

Recruiting Tanglewood Stores Essay Based on the historical recruiting methods the Tanglewood stores have a couple of key issues associated with the hiring of new employees in order to provide the customer service and run their organization in a profitable manner. The corporate executives need to establish an employment brand message, and also allow the regional managers to utilize the methods of recruitment and management styles they believe work best in their geographic area (Inman, C. , Muller, C. 1996) First from a management prospective, there is not a unity of effort across the four regions as far as the hiring process is concerned. There are three unique main lines of effort between the four locations. The managers of these regions should be given a certain amount of freedom to lead their divisions, guidance and standards should be provided from the corporate management of the organization (Inman, C. , Muller, C. 1996). This will help the organization adjust to a changing technology while providing custom appeal to potential employees from each region. This will help develop an employment brand message with the public and encourage overall appeal to the company. This employment brand should be the focus of the corporate level managers. It is beneficial to the organization, to give the regional managers the latitude to administer their hiring strategy the way they see fit. Although the cost of hiring an organization to locate and recruit talent for the region at five times the cost of three of the other methods of recruitment, if that is what it takes to hire individuals in that region the manager should be given the authority to utilize that method. The establishment of an employment brand message at the corporate level, which is especially important to the specialization of the Tanglewood stores in outdoor equipment, may reduce turnover among employees. The extensive turnover needs to be addressed at the regional echelon. Turnover is extremely expensive and must be minimized. The effective recruiting of motivated, knowledgeable individuals will minimize the expense of training and recruiting employees. The Western region’s method of utilizing referrals seems to fit the outdoor lifestyle business model the best. Finding employees that fit the mindset of the company result in the least amount of turnover (Naeem Tariq, M. , Ramzan, M. , Riaz, A. 2013). Employees that are interested in and have a passion for the outdoors likely participate in these activities with like-minded individuals. Recruiting from this pool seems like a great source for employees. There is a risk that employees are seeking the reward from the company of 100 dollars. This risk is minimal given the nominal reward and the benefit of free advertising for the business. The Eastern and Northern Oregon region also have a fairly low cost method of recruiting through media. Depending on the type of media, this has a potential to reach many potential applicants. It must be monitored for returns to ensure that money is not being wasted on unyielding sources. This could be accomplished with a simple survey on how the individual discovered the job or coding responses. This media can also target demographic groups that managers believe will make the best employees. The utilization of a staffing agency seems to be the least efficient method of recruiting employees that embrace the culture of the store and proved excellent customer service. If the employees are not willing to make a personal connection with customers based on a shared passion this will affect profits (Puccinelli, N. M. et. al. 2013). Although the agency seeks individuals for the company, it is expensive and the agency is most likely not specialized to find applicants that fit the company’s culture. Although this method may be useful to hire individuals with key KSAOs, it is probably not cost effective for hiring the floor associates. If the corporate level executives produce guidance and emphasize the employment brand message and the regional managers are given the freedom to administer their stores the way they see fit, the hiring process and retention would be greatly improved. An optimization of the hiring process will result in greater retention and increased profits (Naeem Tariq, M. , Ramzan, M. , Riaz, A. 2013).

Cultural Analysis of Pakistan

Cultural Analysis of Pakistan Definition of culture The culture of the educational system of Pakistan is comprised of a variety of local culture, social, political, economic factors, and factors from the broader global context. This system has been influenced by the many eras of numerous philosophies and worldviews. The Eastern ideas tend to highlight faith, responsibility towards one’s family and community, and the respect of elders (Gupta, 2007) as being the foundational aspects to education. Yet, it has been the western influences that greatly affected Pakistan educational culture. These Western influences emphasized the importance of education to every individual but they excluded religion and morality from academics. They also shift towards making education a fundamental right to all citizens and standardized curricula and assessments. Nonetheless, because Pakistan communities are mostly traditional, the education of females are dominated by cultural and religious values therefore obtaining an academic education is not perceived as greatly important to a female’s educational development. On the other hand the males are encouraged to obtain a solid education. Although the country’s constitutions eliminates gender inequality for education allowing and encouraging both male and females to attend schools, traditional practices are still being strongly upheld. Society perceives females as having a productive role within the confines of the home. They restrict the females to informal education such as the learning and teaching of home management and child rearing or specializing in domestic skills to be good mothers and wives. In contrast the males are strongly encouraged to attend school. They are taught that the male is the sole breadwinner of the home and he is supposed to dominate the world outside the home therefore it is imperative that he is equipped with the educational skills to compete for resources in the public arena. Recently, despite the government attempt to alleviate the gender gap in education by providing more schools and educational services for females, the rate of literacy in females when compared to males are still extremely low. Generally patriarchal values governs the social structures in Pakistan and the female gender is seen as properties to the males instead of individuals. So too, the culture of the educational system of Pakistan follows, where the male is in control and dominate over the females. In relation to the culture of educational system of America; for females, formal education was discouraged and mostly prohibited, it was seen by society as being unnatural for a woman to obtain any form of higher education. Females who venture into achieving education mostly learned forms of traditional domestic skills such as sewing, cooking and cleaning. Much like the female Pakistanis who were taught to take care of the home and trained to be good mothers and wife so too were the females of America. However, the societies have changed and the culture of education has drastically changed through the eras of females and feminist activists fighting for the right to equality in education amongst gender. Now both males and females are free to attend single sex or co-sex schools. The current societies of America strongly and equally encourages both males and females to achieve the highest forms of education in any field they desire. Society places great emphasis on obtaining solid academic education because they see education as a way of betterment to an individual’s life. Through accomplishing success in education society portrays that an individual will have all the convenience of the materialistic world. Therefore, parents and adults compel and sympathizes with the younger generations to attend school. Some children embrace this encouragement and try to achieve educational success. Although the elders see education in this light, some of the younger generations do not apprec iate the value of being formally educated. There are children who go through the system because they are forced by both the laws and their parent to be formally educated. The influence of their elders are ineffective in their educational decision in whether they choose to embrace or reject education. The government has a major role in the education system of America. Education whether privately or publicly is mandated by the laws of states to be compulsory, where all children must attend school between an average ages of five to sixteen. The government sector is primary responsible for the education system of America. They set the standards, create the curricula and assessment, provide some of the additional recourses free such as transport and lunch to all students in the public schools. The government also provides means in which children with disabilities can still attend school and achieve a degree of formal education. All these aspect are provided in an attempt to make education a successful part of human development. History of the culture In America the history of education started with, what is known as â€Å"dame schools† in the 1700s; it is where older females would teach their children basic knowledge preparing their boys for town schools, back then only the boys were allowed to attend town schools. Whereas, the girls were thought only to the point of dame school and then thought skills at home, such as cooking, sewing, washing etc. However, in the 19th century some girls began attending town school, they were only allowed to go to school at times where boys were not at school and if there were space in classes after all boys were accommodated. Soon after the wave of feminism began, when women started fighting for their rights. They fought that they should gain rights to educate themselves by attending public schools and argued that the only difference between man and women were socially created differences. After battling against the gender oppression, women finally gained rights to attend public school du e to government acts and conventions. In Cambridge, Massachusetts, Radcliffe College which is a woman’s liberated Arts College was established, which functioned as a female coordinate institute for the all-male Harvard College. The Harvard Annex, which is a private program for women created by Harvard, was found in 1879 after women determinedly try to become a part of Harvard educational program. Arthur Gilman, was the founder of The Annex/Radcliffe, at that time women education was unacceptable. Gilman was a Cambridge resident who wanted to sustain a tertiary educational opportunity for his daughter that was more than what was available in female educational opportunities; the new womens colleges. He discussed it with the chair of Harvards department, he showed a plan to have Harvard facilitate a small group of Cambridge and Boston women, and he presented his idea to Harvard President Charles William Eliot. Which was then approved; Gilman and Eliot gathered a group of well-connected Cambridge women to help facili tate the plan. 44 members of the Harvard faculty were then convinced to give lectures to female students for extra income which would be paid by the committee. The program is known as The Harvard Annex. The courses of study were 51 courses which were in 13 subject areas in the first year. Courses which were offered are in Greek, English, Latin, French, Italian, German and Spanish. Also in music, mathematics physics, natural history, philosophy and political economy. This movement was the beginning of the equality of education for both gender. In Pakistan through the eras of history education was perceived from a traditional and cultural stand point. The traditional educational system, which focuses on Islam, experienced an exponential growth since the 1970s, influenced by the wave of Islamic fundamentalism from Iran. The woman was the care takers of the home, while the men dominate by going out and working. History shows that education was always a priority to for the male, because they would have to go out into the world and work and provide for their families. But the society frowned upon women educating themselves because they were taught from their ancestors to specialize in domestic skills and take the roll of mother and wife, staying at home and providing for the family needs. However, this inequality is based strictly on the thoughts of society. As the government of Pakistan is working towards providing equality in the educating system for both male and female. The only problem they face is funding institutes to ed ucate girls. Since most girls who are educated come from wealthy families, feminist believes that helping to educate all girls, even from rural areas would help with the upbringing of the country, and increasing the funding towards educating girls would help in that aspect. It would allow girls to gain higher education, therefore relate to higher paying jobs. This would help with the uplifting of families and the country. The government of Pakistan does not stop anyone from receiving education in the country, whether it’s a girl or boy they are all allowed to receive equal education. However, it is society that places the inequality in education amongst boys and girls; it is based on certain beliefs in gender, separating their roles, causing bias in genders. Approximately twice as many boys receive academic education as girls in the country of Pakistan. But as of the year 2000-2007 the government have been taking a toll of this bias and looking to improve the inequalities that the females face as a result of gender. The Pakistani people follow traditions of their ancestors rather than what is believed by others, they see the males as the breadwinners and believe that that is the way it should be. But between the years 2000-2004 the country had a dramatic improvement in education, having a higher percentage of graduates every year, improving the countries status, however, Pakistan still has one of the highest illiteracy rates in the world. References National Womens History Museum. (n.d.). NWHM. Retrieved June 26, 2014, from http://www.nwhm.org Education in pakistan. (n.d.). Wikipedia. Retrieved June 25, 2014, from http://www.wikipedia.org/ History of women education in the U.S.A. (n.d.). Wikipedia. Retrieved June 25, 2014, from http://www.wikipedia.org/ Womens education in pakistan. (n.d.). Wikipedia. Retrieved June 25, 2014, from http://www.wikipedia.org/

Victor Marie Hugo and the Romantic Era Essay -- French Literature

Victor Marie Hugo and the Romantic Era Victor Marie Hugo and the literature that changed France, if not the world " His novels have a purpose: historical, moral, social or all at once. &9;Their insistent vibrating style, and the frequent intrusion of the author's inflections may awaken a sense of strain; but they have kept their hold on others than school boys; and the grotesque, swarming, medieval crowds surging the huge cathedral (Notre Dame de Paris), the symbolic fight between man and the sea (Les Travialleurs de Mer). The epic allegories of vice, suffering and regeneration in the background of modern society of it's cruelty and indifference it has secured themselves a place among the French books that live" (Cazamian, 1964). At the age of twenty-five Victor Hugo published his play Cromwell which, though never preformed, changed the course of literature. The preface especially was viewed by the budding romantic movement as the manifesto for the new school. The principles he expounded there established him as the uncontested leader of the movement. Hugo’s early works would define the tone, subjects and style of the period. He discarded the rules of the classic period with its continuity of time, place and action, it restrictive superfluous vocabulary and the limit of a twenty-four hour time period for drama. He established the legitimacy of addressing the strange, the fantastic and the grotesque. Hugo led literature back to nature declaring that the "Poet should have only one model, nature; only one guide, truth." He compared the classical literature to the royal park at Versailles maintaining that it was artificial literature much like the "well leveled, well pruned, well raked, well sanded" ground s of the great la... ...omantic movement cannot be overstated, he was its greatest master. Likewise Hugo’s importance to the French consciousness of his era cannot be exaggerated, the man, the work and the creativity defined an era. Unlike his idle critics Hugo took his destiny as well as his country’s in his sturdy hands and made the best of both. His mistakes were made with good intention, and his successes have stood the test of time. Works Cited Cazamian, L. (1964). A History of French Literature. Clarendon, England: Oxford &9;University Press. Gardner, H. (1993). Creating Minds. New York City: Basic Books. Grant, E. M. (1945). The Career of Victor Hugo. London, England: Oxford University Press. Harris, R. W. (1969). Romanticism and the Social Order. Great Britain: Barnes and Noble. Houston, J. P. (1988). Victor Hugo Revised Ed. Boston Mass.: Twayne Publishers.

John Rawls And Utilitarianism :: Rawls Utilitarinism Philosophy Essays

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The social contract theory of John Rawls challenges utilitarianism by pointing out the impracticality of the theory. Mainly, in a society of utilitarians, a citizens rights could be completely ignored if injustice to this one citizen would benefit the rest of society. Rawls believes that a social contract theory, similar those proposed by Hobbes, Locke, and Rousseau, would be a more logical solution to the question of fairness in any government. Social contract theory in general and including the views of Rawls, is such that in a situation where a society is established of people who are self interested, rational, and equal, the rules of justice are established by what is mutually acceptable and agreed upon by all the people therein. This scenario of negotiating the laws of that society that will be commonly agreed upon and beneficial to all is what Rawls terms "The Original Position and Justification". Rawls states that for this system to work, all citizens must see themselves as being behind a "veil of ignorance". By this he means that all deciding parties in establishing the guidelines of justice (all citizens) must see themselves as equal to everyone paying no mind to there economic situation or anything else that they could keep in mind to negotiate a better situation to those qualities. For example, if everyone in this society has an equal amount of influence toward the establishing of specific laws, a rich man may propose that taxes should be equal for all rather than proportionate to ones assets. It is for this and similar situations that Rawls feels that everyone must become oblivious to themselves. Rawls believes that the foundational guideline agreed upon by the those in the original position will be composed of two parts. The first of these rules of justice being one that enforces equal rights and duties for all citizens and the later of the two one which regulates the powers and wealth of all citizens.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the conception of utilitarianism possessed by Rawls, an impartial spectator and ideal legislator are necessary components. The impartial spectator is one who rational and sensitive to all of the desires of society. The impartial spectator must feel these desires as if they were his own desires and by doing such, give each of them priority over other desires and organize them into one system from which the ideal legislator tries to maximize satisfaction for all citizens by manipulating and adjusting the policy for that society. By this theory of utilitarianism, Rawls argues that the decision making process is being integrated into one conscience and that this system

Structural Functionlism Theory

In any political system are structures that have different functions to ensure an effective and smooth running of things in that particular political system. This is why this essay will discuss the problems faced by opposition political parties in Zambia using the structural functionalist theory. First it will explain what structural functionalism is, then it will define structures, functions, a political party and an opposition party then before giving the conclusion it will discuss the problems faced by opposition parties in Zambia.Johari (2011) defines structural functionalism as a means of explaining what political structures perform what basic functions in a political system, it is a tool of investigation. Macions and Gerber (2010:14) states â€Å"this approach looks at society through a macro-level orientation, which is a broad focus on the social structures that shape society as a whole and by this society evolves like organisms†. According to Johari (2011:73) â€Å"fu nctions deal with the consequences involving objectives as well as processes of the patterns of action, Structures refer to those arrangements within the system which perform the functions.For example the police are a structure within the political system that have a function of maintaining peace and order. â€Å"In the concept of functions, three basic questions are involved- what basic functions are discharged in any given system, by what instruments those functions are performed and under what conditions the performance of these functions are done†,(Ibid). Merton (1957:51) says â€Å"functions are those observed consequences which make for the adaptation or re-adjustment of a given system and dysfunctions those observed consequences which lessen the adaptation or adjustment of the system†.A political party is a body of men united for promoting the national interests on some particular principles in which they are all agreed. It is also defined as a group of men prof essing the same political doctrine. These parties perform a lot of functions. Political parties unite, simplify and stabilise the political process. They seek to widen the interests they represent and harmonise interests with each other. They provide a link between the government and the people. Easton (1965) adds on â€Å"political parties seek to educate, instruct and activate the electorate†.That is they perform the job of political mobilisation, secularisation and recruitment. Usually in a political system the government is under the control of a political party. If a political party does not have control of the government but have seats in the parliament then it is an opposition party which means it opposes the government. An opposition party carriers with it all the functions of a political party. Opposition parties are there to check the smooth running of government, in other words they offer checks and balances to the government.In Zambia’s political system are different structures that perform different functions that affect the opposition parties. Among these is the legislature that comprises of the president, cabinet ministers and members of parliament also known as the national assembly. Its function is to make laws that benefit the society as a whole. When a bill is read in the national assembly it has to be supported by the majority of the house in order for it to become a law. Mainly the opposition reject bills that they find not suitable for the society.But of late in Zambia the president has appointed opposition members of parliament to save as cabinet ministers in government which leads to some of them being expelled from their respective political parties. This affects the opposition because â€Å"a party is supposed to form a government based on its own ideology†, (Ibid), therefore when the opposition members of parliament are brought into government they need to adopt and adapt to the ruling party’s ideology hen ce disadvantaging the opposition when it comes to decision making in the national assembly.The Media is also another structure involved with the dissemination of information to the society. According to Almond and Powell (1966) a political party needs to communicate with the electorate. Every time opposition parties receive coverage in an article, have their face on television or their voice on radio, they assume that they increase their chances among potential voters. In Zambia however instead of the media being one of the means of popularity exposure for opposition parties, it tends not to give them enough time because of the media being influenced by government.Zambian Economist (accessed on 17. 12. 13) states â€Å"if the press was free we would for example expect high degree of information compared to a government controlled media†. Hence this becomes a problem for the opposition. The Judiciary has a function of enforcing the law and making sure the rule of law is observ ed. The Zambia Reports (accessed on 9. 12. 13) states â€Å"UPND chairperson for Tourism and Culture Ephraim Belemus said Acting Chief Justice Chibesakunda was compromised and her continued stay at the helm of the Judiciary had proved costly to the justice system of the country†.From this quotation we can tell that in Zambia the opposition political parties have been shut from making meaningful contribution to the nation. This absence of effective participation in the political process is a very serious limitation that Zambian opposition parties face. The executive is in charge of implementing the law and is headed by the president. When a law is made in parliament it has to be ratified by the chief executive officer who happens to be the president.In some cases and in a democratic nation per say the president ratifies laws that are not in favour of the opposition for example in Zambia as the Electoral Institution for Sustainable Democracy in Africa (accessed on 10. 12. 13) r eports â€Å"in May 1996 the Zambian constitution was amended, a presidential candidate needs to be Zambian by birth† this disadvantaged the opposition parties present then like UNIP and its president Dr Kenneth Kaunda is not Zambian by birth.Having discussed the problems of these structural functions on the opposition political parties, it is important that we also discuss how these problems can be improved. To start with the legislature, being a law effecting body Sisson and Snowis (1975) states â€Å"the involvement of the legislature in the making of the law must be considered their central and most fundamental function†. In this case both the opposition and the ruling parties need to participate effectively because the end results should not only benefit a particular party but the society as a whole.â€Å"Modern or modernising societies assume that the legislative institutions ought to serve as auxiliaries in the mobilisation of public support for policies† , (Ibid), as such members of parliament (MP’s) including opposition MPs should be funded to develop their constituencies. The media should be free from any form of corruption or any limitation, government if anything should invest in the media so as to allow it disseminate quality information to the nation at large. Unlike The Zambian situation were the Zambian Economist (accessed on 17. 12. 13) on March 17, 2013 referred to the Zambian media as a â€Å"corrupt media†, the media should bebias free, it should also give the opposition parties just as much attention as it gives the ruling party to allow the opposition share their views about government proceedings and its policies to allow them penetrate to all parts of the nation. The media plays a big function in the popularisation of the parties that wish to form a government in the future. For example the Post Newspaper is seen to have played a big role in the coming into power of the Ruling Patriotic Front (PF) becau se it made the party popular to the nation through its publications when the PF was in opposition.The Judiciary is a mechanism for the resolution of disputes and Zambia being a democratic country the judiciary should be able to provide the opposition with legal support. Under the separation of powers, the judiciary does not make laws it’s the work of the legislature neither does it implement the law which is the work of the Executive rather it interprets the law and applies it to the facts of each case. According to Garner (1952) â€Å"justice means punishment to the wrong doer†. The major task of the judiciary is to ensure equal justice under the law.Ball (1971) states â€Å"The judges may be nominated by the head of state†, this does not mean the judges work for the head of state or the president they work to ensure that there is fair justice within the society. â€Å"The decision of the courts contribute the element of ‘legitimacy’ to the output s of the government. Thus it becomes essential that the behaviour of the courts must not be obstructive or destructive so that the smooth running of the organisation becomes a problem†, (Ibid). Therefore the judiciary needs to be as independent as possible, this would allow free participation of the opposition in the political process.The Executive as its very name indicates, the first and foremost function of the executive is to run the administration of the country. In accordance with Johari (2011) the maintenance of internal peace and order should be the principle function for which the government should be established. For this purpose the executive keeps the police force that acts under its command, it should maintain defence forces to serve the country against external aggressions. The executive’s concern should be to formulate national policies for domestic as well external purposes.All these functions of the Executive should benefit the society as well as opposi tion political parties, for example since the police force is under its command the opposition should be provided with the police service when they go to hold their rallies and campaigns. In conclusion, opposition parties in Zambia are faced with many structural functional problems some of which have been named in the discussion above, members of the opposition political parties are being lost to the ruling party to benefit their desire of having the overall decision making, and legislative work is purely dominated by the ruling party.The media is a very important tool of investigation in the political process in that it provides the society of the happenings around if it is restricted to publish certain information by the government, society will have no means of knowing the wrongs of government making it difficult for opposition parties to provide checks and balances. The judiciary is heavily monitored by the ruling party giving no freedom to opposition parties to effectively part icipate in the political process. The Executive is also biased in the implementation of the law.

Improving a company?

Improving a company's system helps aid in its success in today's market as well as in the future of the company's growth and stabilization. This new system that will enable the company to promptly accomplish these requirements without hesitation and will not interfere with the company's time management protocols or add extra unneeded expenses.An information system that more specifically is â€Å"a network architecture in which each computer or process on the network is either a client or a server Servers are powerful computers or processes dedicated to managing disk drives (file rivers), printers (print servers), or network traffic (network servers). Clients are PC's or workstations on which users run applications. Clients rely on servers for resources, such as files, devices, and even processing power. † (Whooped, 2014) The Trusted Computing Base (ETC) is the part of a system that is responsible for enforcing system-wide information security policies.The user can define user access to the trusted communication path, which allows secure communication between regular users and the ETC, by installing and using the ETC. The system administrator must determine how much trust can be given to a particular program. In the ring of trust model, the outer rings contain a lower level of security, and systems requiring higher levels of security are located inside the inner rings. To move from an outer ring into an inner ring, extra security mechanisms are encountered. † (Smith, 2013) the servers will be secure and have all the securities that Ordain would like and need.There will be little or no down time to create the new virtual servers and business will not be effected. Also the disaster recovery rate is much quicker in case of a crash. The information is backed up so in case of a crash the information can be derived quickly. The information gets to the end user much more quickly than having a physical server. Physical server machines get dirty and overload ed with old files and information that is no longer needed or wanted. All information passed through the organization will be encrypted to protect vital aspects of the company operations.The virtual machine running the share point will house the encryption piece for information traffic. Utilizing a virtual server in this aspect will allow end users to generate reports by department in real time with little or no help from an information technology professional. The use of firewalls and even a virtual firewall is also recommended to protect Radian's information. â€Å"A virtual firewall is a firewall device or service that provides network traffic filtering and monitoring for virtual machines.A virtual firewall is deployed, executed and operated from a virtual machine. Virtual firewall formats include: Stand-alone software Integrated SO kernel component. A virtual security provider's dedicated hardware platform A virtual firewall operates in a virtual area network (VAN) environment of connected virtual machines. A virtual firewall operates in two different modes: Bridge mode: Like a rotational firewall, this mode operates by diagnosing and monitoring all incoming and outgoing traffic bound for other virtual networks or machines.Hypocrites mode: In contrast, this mode is isolated from the actual network, resides in the core hypocrites kernel and monitors the virtual host machine's incoming and outgoing traffic. † (Technophobia, Virtual Firewall, 2014) When placing all of the business information on a server along with all of the employee information the company will want it to be secure and readily available to use. When using a virtual server there is not complete control of the physical access of the database. On the other hand the information is no longer on easy identifiable physical systems.There are multiple layers of virtual securities. The data safeguards requirements are the same as a physical server. Information that requires more safeguards is available. Information can be encrypted, role based control, and secure in many ways. Cyber-attacks are all very real threats and can be protected against also. A firewall can encrypt data at the file system that the virtual machine then uses a much managed login procedure for added protection of data against compromise. Logs are also created for looking jack on to see who, where, and when certain data was accessed.Different levels of securities will be used for different levels of data importance. Administration roles will have more securities on them than someone at the data entry level.

Every child is special Essay

Every child is special. Every child has its own personality. Every child tries to endeavor and focus best in its life. Primarily, every child has its own dreams. But the main factor to ponder is, for us to understand his/her dreams. And the truth is, we lack stability, patience and understanding as far as the child is concern. The movie, Every Child Is Special, was about a certain child named Ishaan Awasthi. Ishaan was a talented child; he can think outside the box and paint with such passion and creativity. But he was not understood by his teachers, he was only thought of as a mischievous and a very naughty boy. He was often called an â€Å"idiot, duffer, lazy and crazy†, even his parents didn’t understand him. They only thought that the boy was misbehaving because he did not want to go to school. It is perhaps the structure and restrictions of the normal expectations of the school system that rub him the wrong way, because one day, after having been punished by being sent by the teacher to stand in the hallway, he goes AWOL and wanders the streets, savoring the exciting sights of tourist-film India. He appears to be somewhat hyperactive. If his parents attempted to have him tested, it may be that he never sat still long enough to get a diagnosis. After finding out that Ishaan will be kicked out of school after the school year, his parents decided to send him to a boarding school where Ishaan suffered more from his strict teachers. These incidents crushed Ishaan’s confidence in him and he became depressed, very depressed. He did not speak to anyone, not even to his mother or his brother. No one would even try to help him because they did not try to understand him. Luckily he met Ram Shankar Nikumbh, the temporary art teacher, saw himself in Ishaan, he stayed persistent to help Ishaan in his studies and his life. Through his unconventional teaching methods and graceful presence, Ishaan’s attention was caught up. Ram did everything to understand Ishaan’s problem in reading and writing, he consulted Ishaan’s parents and told them that Ishaan has dyslexia, wherein he finds it hard to recognize letters and numbers. I love where he tells Ishaan’s father that in the Solomon Islands, villagers don’t chop down a tree when they want to clear land, but curse and hurl abuses at it, and the tree withers and dies soon after. Ram helped Ishaan in every way, first he gave Ishaan a confidence boost so that he will not be afraid to express  himself, and then, he also gave Ishaan lessons in writing, reading and in math. Ram taught Ishaan using different methods, he made learning fun by applying games to his lessons. Gradually, Ishaan begun to improve in his studies, he has now little trouble in reading, he can right properly and can solve math problems. Teaching should not only be done in one way, we should use different ways to teach our students because each and every one of us has a unique and special talent. It is also good to understand the needs of our students, let them be free – free to imagine, free to learn in their own special way. Listen to your students opinions and learn from it. Somehow the movie touched in an exceptional way and it broke my heart seeing that the dear people that child thought would understand him were the very ones who judged him and failed to understand his problem. But I cannot really judge the parents though, all they wanted was the best for their child that is why they tried so hard to push him and discipline him at the same time. It tug the heartstrings and at the same time gives hope that having dyslexia is not a desperate and in hopeless situation. To help the students, family support, teacher’s patience and love is needed, so with the interesting and enjoyable teaching and learning strategies should be employed. The theory of multiple intelligences in education plays an important role here and that can be a vessel in informing the teachers and most importantly the parents for them to assist their children. With time, patience and care, he ultimately helps Ishaan find himself and the harsh father realized his child’s wo rth and needs.

Natural Disasters Essay

There is certain order in the world. The planets move in their orbit around the sun. The disasters which occur naturally are known as natural disasters. There are infinite natural disasters. Some of them are landslides, floods and volcanic eruptions. By taking the example of planets orbiting around the sun, the question rises that how do these devastating disasters occur? Floods occur in those areas which are closer to seas. Due to heavy rain, the sea water increases and spills out over the area with speed and destroying everything. Flash floods are another example of floods which occur suddenly. All the land and fertile soil is destroyed. Landslides occur in mountains. They occur by a number of reasons in which earthquake is the main reason. It causes the mountainous slopes to weaken the saturated soil which run down the hill and kills every thing in the way. It blocks the way for people to travel. Volcanoes are fractured structured located on the crust which fall within the mass of the definition of planet. The earth allows hot lava to escape from the magma which is below the surface. This occurs when the earth’s crust breaks in some major parts. Erupting volcanoes cause many hazards such as volcanic ash, which is a threat to aircraft, mainly in jet engines where ash particles are melted due to high temperature. This destroys the turbine blades. After a lot of research it is still not known how volcanic eruption can be prevented. Researchers have stopped looking for prevention of volcanic eruptions.Man’s defences are too weak in comparison to nature. It is often expected that natural disasters are nature’s way of keeping human population in check. Are any of these disasters caused by man Man is not the cause of volacanic eruptions, but he plays a role in weather related disasters as floods. Everyone knows that weather is being affected by clearing of forests on earth. This is within our control. Hence some disasters can be controlled. All we have to do is to hope for a day to come when we could control all  natural disasters. Till then we have to remain at the mercy of nature.

Antigone Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Antigone - Research Paper Example Queen Jocasta’s brother, Creon, then announced that anyone who can answer the sphinx correctly will be married to his sister. Oedipus succeeded the test and eventually became his mother’s husband, fulfilling the prophecies told about him. Oedipus then sired Antigone, Ismene, Polynices and Eteocles. However, after twenty years of reigning in Thebes, the place was again plagued. Wanting to help the citizens of Thebes, Oedipus was committed to solving the city’s problem which finally led him to know the facts of his birth. Feeling guilty and angry, he then blinded himself and was exiled by his brother-in-law, Creon while his wife and mother hanged herself (Johnston). Consequently, the sons agreed to divide the rule of Thebes but Eteocles banished his brother Polynices. According to Alfred Church’s â€Å"Battle of Thebes† though, the latter returned with vengeance and a battle ensued where the brothers both die fighting each other. Recognizing Eteocles as a hero, Creon gave him a decent burial with full military honors while his banished brother, Polynices was disgraced because his uncle ordered that no one should mourn or bury him. Nevertheless, Antigone, the sister of Eteocles and Polynices feels sorry for her brother and vows to bury him. She asks her sister, Ismene, to help her but the latter was very afraid of her uncle’s decree that she refuses her sister’s request. As a result, Antigone had to bury her brother all alone during the night (Rosenberg). The famed author of â€Å"King Oedipus† and â€Å"Antigone†, Sophocles, was born in 496 B.C and lived to be ninety. He was born to a wealthy family so that he was given the best education during his time. Consequently, he became one of the best writers to survive fame to modern days. He is known to have written more than a hundred plays and ninety-six of which won first prize in the Athenian festivals held in the honor of Dionysius, the god of wine. U nluckily, only a few of his works survived (Rosenberg). Sophocles is recorded not only as a respected literary genius but he is also known for being a good Athenian citizen. Having been borne during the Persian war, a battle fought between the Greek city-states and the Persian Empire, Sophocles became well-informed about wars (Rosenberg). Politics has become important an information that is widely used by Sophocles to give color to his narrations. However, the events during his lifetime were not the only influences to his writing but the existing religious beliefs as well which includes Greek mythology characters as evident in â€Å"Antigone†. In addition, he also delves in the personal and familial relationships of his characters. When â€Å"Antigone† was written, the Peloponnesian war, the battle between Athens and Sparta, was still ongoing and this perhaps had a great impact on the story. According to historical accounts, the city of Epidamnus sent to inquire from D elphi if they are supposed ask protection from Corinth and an oracle was give that they are supposed to submit to their mother country (Crawley). In relation to Sophocles’ story, it is obvious how he showed such practice of kings, relating how Creon encouraged Oedipus to ask help from the prophet Teiresias on what to do when their city was plagued. It should also be remembered that the reason

What is the Communicative approach to Language Learning Outline the Essay

What is the Communicative approach to Language Learning Outline the learning theories on which it is based - Essay Example So, now learning English for any professional or a student has become mandatory to excel in the selected trade. There are a number of ways a language that is usually foreign to students is taught. Language expertise or even little knowledge to communicate properly or rather thoroughly express is the intension. It is well known that human psychologist say a topic or a subject is well remembered or understood when it is taught in an interactive format for that matter in a communicative approach. Students were previously taught with the aid of audio media such as cassettes which spell the language and some times even translate the grammar of the foreign language. They were known as audio lingual and grammar translation methods. These did not give learning an enough realistic feeling that is they could not teach real time usage that is appropriate social language, gestures, expressions and were not able to communicate in the culture of the language studied. Slowly a new approach to teach foreign language has mushroomed in 1970s and it was named communicative-style of teaching where usage of authentic language and classroom exchanges took place. Students here were made to communicate with fellow students and teachers with mock situations being created. Language interaction is explained asâ€Å"Language is interaction; it is interpersonal activity and has a clean relationship with the society. In this light , language study has to look at the use of language context, both its linguistic context(what is uttered before and after a given piece of discourse) and its social or situational, context (who is speaking, what their social roles are, why they have come together to speak).† (Berns, 1984) A teacher or an instructor would have already planned the schedule to follow and practice exercises. Here the focus is basically on implementing the procedures to learn the language rather than talking in it. The schedule scheduled needs to be practiced in pairs for the sake

Aortic Dissection Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Aortic Dissection - Research Paper Example Other persons complain of shortness of breath, arm and leg pains, weakness and loss of consciousness. If arteries supplying the heart are affected, it may result in heart attack. If the arteries supplying blood to the brain are affected the patient may suffer a stroke. Diagnosis of aortic dissection includes a complete examination of blood pressure, heart, and pulses. An electrocardiogram may be used to show complications of the dissection. X-rays may be used to show enlarged aorta. However, x-ray and ECG may fail to show aortic dissection. The most efficient and frequently used tests to diagnose aortic dissection include a computed tomography scan, transesophageal echocardiogram, and magnetic resonance imaging. Therefore, accurate diagnosis of the condition is critical for reducing the mortality rates of patients facing aortic dissection. The goals of treating a patient diagnosed with aortic dissection are to control the team, find out whether the repairing the tear may benefit the patient and treating any other associated complications. The tear can be controlled by reducing the blood pressure as much as possible. Various medications are available to reduce blood pressure and lower heart rate. Such blockers include diltiazem and verapamil. Based on the evaluation of the patient, surgical treatment may be considered. Immediate surgery may be considered for a patient diagnosed with type A dissection. For type B dissection, medical treatment is usually considered and surgical treatment is not recommended.

French Politics Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

French Politics - Research Paper Example Sarko represents UMP (Union pour un mouvement populaire). He is neo-liberal, authoritarian, pro-American and pro-Israeli. Except for Socialist Francois Mittereand's 14 years reign, France has been ruled by right wing forces since 1958 when Charles de Gaulle ushered in the new Republican regime. Paving the way for the electoral victory of the 52-year old leader of the French Right were the simultaneous decomposition of the French Left and Sarkozy's successful unification of the three streams of the Right - neoliberal, national and fascist. When Sarkozy became "Monsieur le President de la Republique," the 23rd French chief of state, the sixth since the new Constitution of 1958 that initiated the Fifth Republic of France, his true intentions for promised new directions were still ambiguous. Upon the election of Nicolas Sarkozy there was a strong current in the media - both in France and internationally - claiming that "things had changed". Sarkozy, it was said, was the man who would cut back the "gluttonous" French state, "modernising" the economy by curbing the power of the unions and replacing the France of the 35-hour-week with a new more "flexible" culture that valued "hard work". French workers had to prepare for Sarkozy's onslaught. As we have seen with November's rail strikes, university occupations and rioting in the suburbs, resistance to Sarkozy is deep-rooted. Some activists have used the catch-cry "Sarko-facho" ("Sarkozy-fascist"); portrayed him as nothing but a lickspittle of George Bush; or, as the Iranian media now have it, a Mossad agent. Yet most of the French President's pronouncements seem to be in tune with the anti-working class, conservative and authoritarian political tradition of General de Gaulle. On the other hand, Sarkozy's underlining of great national objectives means distancing France from the spirit of liberal free trade. The French Left accuses Sarkozy of being authoritarian and of unstable character. The Left's electoral campaign early this year aimed at trying to rouse his ire and demonstrate his incapacity of leading la douce France. The crude reality is that while the French Left claims a monopoly on morality, the political Right dominates this largely conservative, extremely traditional nation. We only have to think back to spring 2006 when the previous UMP [Gaullist] government attempted to introduce the CPE law to undermine young workers' job stability, or 2005 when it backed the EU Constitution. The continuity in the history of the French right is examined in some detail in the latest issue of the Ni Patrie ni Frontires journal*, which devotes some 62 pages to assessing the character of so-called "Sarkozyism". Sarkozy has taken on great personal power, setting great store by his own image and casting himself as somewhat of a national saviour, in the mould of de Gaulle or a Napoleon. The assertion that Sarkozy represents an

A proposal to the leadership of the Bumble Corporation explaining the Essay

A proposal to the leadership of the Bumble Corporation explaining the issues, and recommending a strategy to address each issue - Essay Example This was one of the main reasons for the success of Bumble Corp’s traditional stores. The company has recently launched an electronic commerce website to reach the potential customers more easily and quickly. Bumble Corp believes that their online success is directly tied to recreating their brick and mortar customer experience in E-Commerce space. After the launch of their new E-Commerce website, the existing Bumble Corp customers were excited about the new online shopping opportunity form the company they already trust and love. Bumble Corp has three centrally located warehouses in Unites States. One is located in West coast, and the other two are located in the East coast and Texas respectively. Their current E-Commerce business model accepts orders from the customers through the internet and after that these online orders are processed and shipped to the local stores, closest to the customers shipping address. The Problems with Current Online Business Bumble Corp decided t o offer their products to their existing as well as future potential customers through their recently launched E-Commerce website. Their existing customers were excited about their new online shopping experience with their trusted company. However, these loyal customers soon became disillusioned by the impersonalized shopping experience as their real life experience was contrary to their existing belief. When the online model was implemented, it was found that the company’s existing customer information and profile was not accessible online even though they were members in the company’s reward program for many years. Some of the customers even had Bumble branded credit card for buying Bumble Corp’s goods. The new online shopping experience was quickly becoming disappointing without the face to face interaction between the customer and employee of Bumble Corp. Their potential new customers were initially interested on the word of mouth recommendation from their f amily and friends who had already shopped at the company’s traditional stores before. But after the launch of E-Commerce website, customers have often complained that the shipping and handling times are very inconsistent. The store managers have also complained that the store employees do not have the required time to serve both the in-store and online customers simultaneously. These new potential customers tried out the online E-Commerce offering only because they did not have a local store at their place, but, the great experience described by their friends and family created a negative sentiment in them. Hence the company failed to attract new customers and was also on the verge of losing their loyal customers because of limited resources and lack of proper planning before implementing the online model. Objectives Developmental Objective Bumble Corp needs to give the same experience to new customers that it gave to its customers at the traditional brick and mortar stores i n order to maintain their goodwill to their loyal customers. The success of E-Commerce platform lies with the fact that as to what extent

Knowledge Management of Intel Corporation Inc Essay - 2

Knowledge Management of Intel Corporation Inc - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that Knowledge Management is the process of converting a firm’s knowledge from tacit knowledge to explicit knowledge. Many firms in the modern world face this challenge. Intel, despite it being at the heart of information technology, faces this very problem of Knowledge Management. This is especially with regard to its legal department which is facing knowledge management studies. The main issues include lack of modern systems to help in better knowledge management, lack of better ways to convert tacit knowledge into explicit knowledge. The other main problem is the fact that there is less support from top management with regard to implementing proper Knowledge Management system and strategies in Intel’s legal department. Lack of motivation to employees to engage in correct knowledge management practices is also another issue. Because of the grave nature of the need for better knowledge and information management in any legal department, Intel’s not exempt, the recommendations that have been made include buying a new IT system, keeping a constant maintenance and updating of knowledge and increased support from the top management. Intel Corporation Inc. was founded in 1969 by Robert Noyce and Gordon Moore. It has constantly grown to become one of the most valuable companies in the world. As of 2014, its annual revenues had reached over $54 billion. The firm serves millions of customers from over 120 countries around the world. Its main focus is the manufacturing of computer motherboards, computer processors and networking and communication products. The firm has over 100,000 employees who work in over 168 sites including its headquarters. A look at Intel Corporation indicates that the firm has problems with regard to Knowledge Management in both these two areas of Knowledge Management. The firm is one of the firms with a good working environment for most employees.

Hitlers table talk Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Hitlers table talk - Term Paper Example In August 1941, when someone had committed murder in Berlin, Hitler argued that offenders did not need an imprisonment but rather corporal punishment. He argued that the penal system of the time had given the first sentence unnecessary importance. These people deserved corporal punishment only. Sending one to jail would only give them an opportunity to perfect their art of breaking the law. He argued that in prisons other prisoners teach people new tactics. This is the sad truth in most of the prisoners in the world today. However, corporal punishment is not supported in the human rights law code and therefore inapplicable. It is worth noting other prisoners do honestly transform. He concludes that the criminal should just disappear so that they do not face trial. If all criminals disappear into society, crime would rise terribly. It is worthwhile to lock them up in prison but implement strategies that will ensure they transform. On August 19, Hitler mentioned that for the good of their country, the Germans should wish for war after every fifteen to twenty years. These wars would make sure that their army was preoccupied and not just playing with the soldiers. He further elaborates that he did not regret losing some of the soldiers in war because war creates an opportunity for Germany to enlarge their territory and therefore increase in number. This principle does not comply with the international law.

The Representation of Youth Through the Media Essay

The Representation of Youth Through the Media - Essay Example Even though both boys and girls are exploited for visual media advertisements, the number of girls used for this purpose seems to be extremely more than that of the boys. Female body is considered as one of the most beautiful things in this world and the exploitation of female body shapes for business purposes is growing day by day. In most of the films and television series, the story line would be something related to the teenagers. All the people, irrespective of age difference or sex difference, are interested in viewing programs related to the teenage community. In fact teenage is the golden era in the life of a person and therefore even old people like to see television serials and films related to teenage life to go through their beautiful memories. Media business people know this psychology very well and they often make films and TV serials which exaggerate teenage life styles and their life philosophies. Thus, in most of the visual media, teenager representation or youth rep resentation seems to be far from reality. This paper analyses teenage representation in media, especially in the visual media, like television programs and films. Representation of youth in visual media According to Taylor & Lisa Taylor (Author) †º Visit Amazon's Lisa Taylor PageWillis (1999), â€Å"Both television programs and films are produced with their contrasting contexts of consumption in mind† (Taylor & Lisa Taylor (Author) †º Visit Amazon's Lisa Taylor PageWillis, 1999, p.3). It should be noted that both television programs and films are viewed by people of different kinds. However, television programs are mostly viewed by a family as a whole whereas films are viewed individually in most of the cases. For example, people like to see adult movies or films privately rather than publicly. On the other hand television serials are mostly watched in groups. Thus, television program producers usually avoid the intrusion of sex contents as much as possible whereas film makers may not obey such unwritten rules. In short, both television programs and films are made in different contexts. For example, Saved by the Bell is an American television program that telecasted between 1989 and 1993. This TV series followed the exploits of several students along with their principal at fictional Bayside High School. Each season of the series basically represented a year of high school for the students, plus summer vacations, ending with their graduation. The sitcom name is an idiom for being saved, by a school bell ringing, when a student is unprepared to answer a question asked near the end of a classroom period (Mashable, 2012). Even though the major theme of this serial was the stupid things performed by teenagers during their school days, it attracted all people because of the comedies involved in it. It should be noted that all people may experience such stupid things in their teenage life and old people was very much interested in viewing this TV se rial because of their interests in rewinding their old memories in teenage life. â€Å"While for some reason the main characters here are like the most popular people in school you might or might not relate with that but you could at times relate with what's going on in their lives† (Saved by the Bell, n.d.). All people like to see the stupidity others. For example, most of the people like to see the slipping and falling of another person even though they may not

Holy Spirit Essay Example for Free

Holy Spirit Essay Mary Magdalene along with other women visited the tomb of Jesus on Easter Sunday morning to apply fresh spices to the body of Jesus who was crucified on Friday. The agony and pain carried by Mary Magdalene for Jesus has lead to visit Jesus early before the sun rise. As a matter of fact, for all believers of Christianity, this moment of Mary Magdalene witnessing an empty tomb the absence of Jesus physical body provides a strength to the faith of believers with the fact that Mary Magdalene carried the message of resurrection of Jesus first to the disciples and to the entire world. On the other side, if Mary Magdalene would not visit the tomb of Jesus on Easter Sunday morning, how the world would view the death and resurrection of Jesus, and how the gospel and missionary work of Jesus would be carried on, such as these questions would arise whereas by witnessing an empty tomb, Mary Magdalene has brought a message to the world that Jesus has risen from the dead. This amazing fact and for this purpose, Jesus may have chosen Mary Magdalene in spite of the fact that, Jesus had 12 ardent and strong followers as disciples who knew and witnessed the Lord’s miracle work and missionary work. In Matthew 28:1-2 angels declare that Jesus has risen and Jesus cannot be found among the dead and this message was first disclosed to women who visited the tomb. In Mark 16:4-5 it was stated that stone on the tomb was rolled away, and an angel was seated in side the tomb to tell that Jesus has risen from the dead and this resurrection message must be carried to all. Among all women who visited the tomb of Jesus, Mary Magdalene was the first to meet Jesus after the resurrection and also as the first person to disclose the message of resurrection of Jesus to the disciples of Jesus. The life of Mary Magdalene was one part, wherein on several occasions, was pointed out as a rich woman who led a luxurious and lavish life, who lived a family life along with brother Lazarus and sister Martha, and who possessed demons and was also viewed by people as a sinner. The second part of Mary Magdalene life began with the association of Jesus gospel work , and there was a great transformation and change in the life of life of Mary Magdalene. Mary witnessed the life of brother Lazarus which was brought back by Jesus, Jesus participation with Pharisees and Sadducees along with disciples in feast and how Jesus motivated and preached the teachings. Mary Magdalene was present on several occasions with Jesus which provide an understanding that Mary Magdalene after choosing to follow Jesus did not go back to the old life and remained with Jesus until the resurrection and Jesus accepted the presence of Mary Magdalene every where. Many scholars also state that Mary Magdalene was the best female disciple of Jesus and men disciples disliked this fact. Jesus did not permit Mary Magdalene to touch Jesus, after the resurrection, and this is quite notable as â€Å"noli me tangere† which means â€Å"Don’t touch me, for I have not ascended to my father as stated in St. John 20:17. Just after this episode, a week later Jesus visits doubting Thomas along with other disciples and asks to touch Jesus hands and side as stated in John 20:24-28. With the above facts, it is a very strong and evidential fact that Mary Magdalene was the closest disciple of Jesus who maintained well tuned relation with Jesus in all respects and Jesus did not deny this. Mary Magdalene life after Jesus is another interesting point of view as Jesus and Mary Magdalene were lead to the birth and inception of The Holy Grail and it is also interesting to take note how this has been achieved. 2. Gospels of New Testament about Mary Magdalene All the four gospels of New Testament speak about Mary as Mary Magdalene. It can be stated here that if Jesus showed much appreciation for Peter among men disciples Mary Magdalene was the most appreciative among women disciples of Jesus and Peter disliked this and as per Gospel of Thomas, Peter on several occasions asked Mary to leave Jesus and disciples and also stated that â€Å"for women are not worthy of life† (Bart D. Ehrman, Peter, Paul, and Mary Magdalene, page. 254). There is also a question whether it was Mary Magdalene who laid the foundation for the birth of Christianity, and that Mary was the first apostle of Jesus who lead to the church movement. Mary Magdalene was cured from seven demons when Jesus was journeying from one place to another preaching the good news about kingdom of god. (Luke 8:1-3) This was the first inspiration that has drawn Mary towards Jesus. In the second instance, during crucifixion Mark 15:40 along with other women viz. , Mary the mother of James, Joses and Salome, Mary Magdalene was also present for visiting the tomb of Jesus. Again in Math 27:56 Mary Magdalene with other women Mary the mother of James and Joseph, and the mother of sons of Zebedee. In John 19:25 Mary Magdalene was standing at the cross along with Mary the mother of Jesus, mother’s sister and Mary the wife of Clopas. After the crucifixion of Jesus, Mark 15:47 states that Mary Magdalene and Mary the mother of Joses were looking where Jesus was laid. Matt 27:61 states that Mary Magdalene and other Mary were sitting opposite the sepulcher. Mat 28:1 states that after the Sabbath, Mary Magdalene and the other Mary came to look at the grave. Mark 16:1 states that after the Sabbath, Mary Magdalene, Mary the mother of James and Salome brought spices to anoint the body of Jesus. On the occasion of resurrection of Jesus, it is stated in John 20:1, Marg Magdalene came to the tomb on the first day of the week and it was still dark and Mary Magdalene saw that the stone was already taken from the tomb. Mark 16:9 states that Jesus after the resurrection, the first day of the week, first appeared to Mary Magdalene from whom Jesus casted out seven demons. In John 20:18, Mary Magdalene announced to the disciples as â€Å"I have seen the Lord†. Luke 24 states that women took the spices and went to the tomb of Jesus on the first day of the week and found that the stone was rolled away from the tomb. Women when entered the tomb, did not find the body of Lord Jesus and saw two men in dazzling garments who said â€Å"why do you seek the living among the dead? He is not here, but he has been raised. Remember what he said to you while he was still in Galilee, that the Son of Man must be handed over to sinners and be crucified, and rise on the third day†. Immediately women among whom was Mary Magdalene was present along with Joanna, and Mary the mother of James and others who visited disciples and unfolded the message of resurrection of Jesus. This fact was first not accepted by disciples who did not believe the fact that Jesus would definitely rise from the dead on the third day after the crucifixion. This discussion clearly indicates that the presence of Mary Magdalene is constant from the time of crucifixion, during the burial of Jesus and most importantly the resurrection of Jesus. In all the three phases of Jesus crucifixion and resurrection Mary Magdalene was persistent and faithful to meet Lord Jesus Christ. This strongly communicates that Mary Magdalene was truly the first apostle of women who longed for the presence of Jesus and did not look back to the old life which was filled with luxuries and riches whereas Mary Magdalene was pursuing Jesus taking note of every good news of gospel work performed by Jesus. 3. Character analysis of Mary Magdalene Some people identify Mary Magdalene as â€Å"sinner† who anointed Jesus feet in the home of Simon, the Pharisee as stated in St. Luke 7:36-50 whereas there is no concrete evidence for this. Mary Magdalene is portrayed as an ardent follower of Jesus as it is revealed in the scriptures of New Testament in several places of gospels which describe about the association of Mary Magdalene with Jesus viz. , St. Mat 27:56, 61: 28:1, Mark 15:40,47. 16:1-19; 8:2, 24:10, John 19:25, 20:1-18. Magdala means â€Å"tower or castle† is a prosperous town on the coast of Galilee, three miles away from Capernaum, wherein there are many dye work factories and Mary is from this city which is why Mary is called as Mary Magdalene. The perfume/oil Mary uses to anoint the feet of Jesus was very expensive to an amount of $ 17,000 worth which was approximate wage of 300 days ($7 per hour x 8hrs per day) which strongly confirm the fact that Mary had great respect for Jesus and the fact that Jesus could forgive the sins of Mary Magdalene. Jesus clearly understood this fact and developed deep sympathy for Mary Magdalene and condemns the words of disciples against Mary Magdalene. St. Mark 14:3-9, St. Mat 26:6-13. The Gospel of John also identifies Mary Magdalene is also identified as a sister of Martha and Lazarus who was raised from the dead John 11:1-44 and the fact that Mary was at the feet of Jesus when a dinner was arranged in Martha and Mary’s home and did not participate in the domestic help for Martha. Mary as Magdalene is first introduced in St. Luke 8:2, and Jesus had driven seven demons out of Mary, who is called Magdalene as stated in St. Luke. As per New Testament, Mary Magdalene presence is quite evident at the time of crucifixion and after the resurrection of Jesus. In fact, Mary Magdalene was the first person to meet visit after the resurrection of Jesus. Luke 23:27 says â€Å" a large number of people followed him, including women mourned and wailed for him†. Mat 27:55 †She was there at the cross† . It gives an understanding to the people that Mary Magdalene after meeting Jesus, never looked back to the old way of life, and continued to life with God. Mary was faithful, steadfast and strong follower of Jesus until crucifixion and after the resurrection of Jesus. At the time when Jesus was carrying cross to the calvary Mary was present among those women who wept for Jesus and also as a witness for the death of Jesus on the cross as stated in Mark 15:40, Luk 23:48 and John 19:25. Particularly, when Jesus body was wrapped in linen clothes and was kept in tomb as per Jewish customs, Mary Magdalene spends lot of amount for purchase of dry spices and liquid spices as stated in Mar 16:1 to be applied for the body of Jesus on the Sabbath day. Mary visits the tomb early before the sun rise and finds that the body of Jesus was not present in the tomb, and talks to two angels who question â€Å"Woman, why are you crying? † John 20:13 and Mary answered â€Å"They have taken my Lord away, and I don’t know where they have put him†. The message of Jesus resurrection was first unfolded to the world by Mary Magdalene and Jesus first spoke to Mary Magdalene after the resurrection by saying â€Å"Greetings† (Mat 28:9) and Mary proclaims this message to the disciples as â€Å"I have seen the Lord† John 20:18. 4. Holy Grail The Holy Grail is a cup which was used by Jesus Christ at the time of Last Supper to drink wine and this was the same cup used by Joseph of Arimethea (12th Century) to hold the blood of Jesus while on the cross. The term â€Å"grail† is derived from Latin word gradale which means a dish brought to the table in various stages during the course of a meal. According to the Christian mythology, the Holy Grail is deemed to be possessed with miraculous powers and Joseph d’Arimathie late 12th century passed Holy Grail to Great Britain. The description of Holy Grail is 17cm high, in the form of a cup having a body and a base. The cup finely carved and carries 28 pea-sized pearls, two balaxes and two emeralds. An inscription is also ingraved on the back which was first read and publicized by the archaelogist Antonio Beltran. According to some documents, the Holy Grail stood at Saint Juan de la Pena Monastery at least in 1399 and in the same year, King Martin brought it to the chapel of Royal Palace at the Alfajeria in Zaragoa. After the death of King Martin, in September 1410, it was taken as a property of Barcelona. In 1424, The Holy Grail was transferred to Valencia Royal Palace and in 1437 Dan Juan, King of Navarran presented Holy Grail to Valencia Cathedral. From here, Holy Grail was moved to Alicante and to the towns of Ibiza and Palma de Mallorca. As on today, The Holy Grail is preserved in Valencia Cathedral. The Holy Grail was first discovered in The Last Supper, the painting by Leonardo Da Vinci who painted Last Supper on the wall for church community and there are questions whether the Holy Grail or the Holy cup was present in the painting. Leonardo drawn the sketch of painting from the Gospels as stated and there were many hypotheses to declare Holy Grail as a literary invention and also to decide whether it is a cup? , platter, stone or religuary. Many other writers also claim the Holy Grail as a fictitious device and there are many arguments about this. In Mat 26:27 it is stated â€Å"And he took the cup, and gave thanks, and gave it to them, saying, Drink ye all of it;† and a similar verse in repeated in all other gospels, which indicates that in the Passover feast, Jesus did use cup which later took the form as The Holy Grail predicted to be used by Joseph Arimathea and Mary Magdalene. This vessel used by Jesus is presumed to be the Holy Eucharist as described in the Synoptic Gospels of the New Testament. There are also other arguments that Mary Magdalene, travelled along with brother Lazarus and Joseph Arimathea and brought the Holy Grail to the coast of France. Further there are arguments whether in the Last Supper painting, Mary Magdalene was present amidst of Jesus and disciples and to this Dan Brown’s Da Vinci Code states that the person sitting next to Jesus in the Last Supper was not Mary Magdalene and it was John, the disciple of Jesus. Here John appears as a woman in the painting made by Leonardo and it depicts the art work and the imagination in that era. The Holy Grail is the preserver of Jesus missionary work and the service delivered by Jesus to the humanity. The comparison of the sacred vessel or Holy Grail with Mary Magdalene is made here that both the sacred vessel and Mary Magdalene had the presence of Jesus who performed respective jobs in the missionary work of Jesus while on earth. Sacred vessel indicates that Jesus did participate in the Last Supper along with disciples before the crucifixion and Mary Magdalene represents as the first woman apostle who lead to the movement of christian church. 5. Analysis from Old Testament about the word â€Å"Rabbi† In the gospel of John 20:13, Mary Magdalene says â€Å"They have taken away my Lord, and I know not where they have laid him†. Even in spite of the fact that Jesus stood by the side, Mary Magdalene did not recognize and mistakes Jesus for a gardener and says â€Å"Sir, if thou have borne him hence, tell me where thou hast laid him, and I will take him away† (John 20:15) In John 20:16 Jesus says â€Å" Mary† and immediately Magdalene recognizes Jesus and says â€Å"Rabbouni† which means â€Å"teacher†. In John 1:38 â€Å"Then Jesus turned and saw them following, and said unto them, What seek ye? They said unto him, Rabbi, (which is to say, being interpreted, Master) The original language of Old Testament is Hebrew and Rabbis are fluent in Hebrew. Jesus was a Jewish Rabbi. Teachers of Jesus were Jewish Rabbis and the main book Jesus studied was the Bible – the Old Testament. Hebrew language is considered to be a holy language and God when created the universe, God used Hebrew Alphabets and each of these letters have a shape and a special meaning. In Hebrew language the Old Testament is called as Torah which means law. Therefore Rabbis according to Old Testament are the teachers of law and Jesus was a descendant from Jewish community and was also participating in the teaching and preaching about the kingdom of God and also about the laws of social issues as well political issues. In this manner, Mary Magdalene addressed Jesus as Rabbi calling Jesus as teacher. This clearly states that Mary Magdalene learnt many facts about spiritual living and how the kingdom of God should be practiced on earth. 6. Dan Brown â€Å"Da Vinci Code† Dan Brown’s â€Å"Da Vinci Code† states that Mary Magdalene was the Holy Grail, as the vessel that carried Sangreal (Holy Grail in the Medieval French). The French word for blood is sang, which indicates a fact that Mary Magdalene was carrying the royal blood or the holy blood of Jesus as stated in the books Holy Blood, Holy Grail and The Da Vinci Code. As per this source, Dan Brown in the novel, depicts a fact that Mary Magdalene with at least one child secretly trying to enter France and seeking a refuge in Jewish community. According to this fiction, Jesus and Mary’s child called Sarah, is presumed to be an ancestress for Merovingian royals. At this period of 12th century, the popularity of Mary Magdalene was placed at greater heights and it was also one of the darkest period of civilization. It is stated that the wedding of Cana took place between Jesus and Mary Magdalene and mother of Jesus who was present instructed all the servants to carryout the instructions of Jesus when there was not enough wine. In the Jewish custom, bachelorhood was not acceptable and marriage was honored. In Matt 19:4-5 it is stated â€Å" Have ye’ not read, that he which made them at the beginning made them male and female, and said for this cause shall a man leave father and mother, and shall cleave to his wife: and they twain shall be one flesh†. In weddings, mostly it is mother of bride or groom spend time and organize in the matters of food and drink and take interest to see that guests are satisfied. In the wedding of Cana, Mary the mother of Jesus was worried about the arrangements made at the wedding in spite of the fact being a guest as stated in John 2:3-10. There are many questions for a common man understanding whether was this acceptable to Mary Magdalene and whether disciples accepted this arrangement. This is one part of an argument whether did Jesus truly part of this fiction or was this a fact? And there is no end for such as these doubts who worship Jesus as Lord and Savior of the world. Some writers have truly suggested that the wedding at Cana was none other than Mary Magdalene’s own wedding with Jesus who was present with disciples. (Meera Lester, Mary Magdalene, page. 38) Another argument is that whether Mary Magadalene was present in Last Supper along with Jesus. The Da Vinci Code believes that Mary Magdalene was present in Last Supper and the novelists asks the readers to look for â€Å"V† created by the positions of disciples to the right of Jesus. The letter â€Å"V† stands for Sacred Feminine. â€Å"The symbol of hieros gamos, sacred marriage, is a six pointed star. One half of the star is made by a â€Å"V†. The other half of the star is a pyramid, a male symbol of power. The Da Vinci’s The Last Supper could reflect the artist’s beliefs regarding the importance of Mary in Jesus’ inner circle – that she was the wife of Jesus and also the Holy Grail, a human chalice to contain the savior’s blood line† (Meera Lester, Mary Magdalene, page 40) 7. Mary Magdalene bearer of the Holy Grail What is the significance of Holy Grail and what is it? These are some of the questions that interest the common man. According to the scholars, the sacred vessel that was used to hold the blood of Jesus while on the cross which was held by Joseph of Arimathea is termed as Holy Grail and another belief is that the sacred vessel that was used by Jesus to drink wine at the Last Supper is also termed as Holy Grail. Holy Grail is precious and is a historical evidence that Jesus did live and die on the cross. Another legend also states that a jar was held at the foot of cross to hold the blood of Jesus on the cross, which was held by Mary Magdalene. Vessel has become sacred because the vessel carried the holy blood of Jesus. (Margaret Starbird, Mary Magdalene: Bearer of the Holy Grail) The Holy Grail is a powerful symbol for Christianity for it is a sacred evidence of Jesus blood and chastity it carries to the entire world of christianity. The echoes of Grail promise many truths for Christian believers that precious blood of Jesus who died on the cross for bringing salvation to the entire world that whoever believes in Jesus and confesses sins, such people would be forgiven and are permitted to live a born-again life. Jesus emphasized on life of faith as the prime most important aspect in a Christian life. Why the Holy Grail is carried by Mary Magdalene and why not disciples or why not others? The answer to this question would be explained as, a story in Southern Coast of France states that Mary Magdalene was the bearer of the â€Å"sangraal†, the French word translated as â€Å"holy grail† as Magdalene was a devoted follower of Jesus and most prominently, the first person who met Jesus on Easter Sunday morning, Mary took note of all the events after the crucifixion of Jesus and silently decided to proclaim the gospel of Christianity which is why, Holy Grail is held as a sacred vessel by Mary Magdalene. In other words, the seed that was preserved by Jesus and Mary Magdalene is known as The Holy Grail which presumably carries mystical powers and also the presence of Christ. Here it can stated that Jesus has chosen Mary Magdalene to be the bearer of Holy Grail, or Mary Magdalene all by self, has consecrated the whole life to preserve the Holy Grail after the ascension of Jesus. According to the New Testament, all through the Gospels, there are no texts cited about either Holy Grail or about the life of Mary Magdalene after the ascension of Jesus. There are no evidences, how old are the gospels written in New Testament whereas going by the each scripture portion, it depicts the sanctity and power of Jesus on earth. Even in the letters written by Apostle Paul, there are no citations or discussion about Mary Magdalene as the bearer of Holy Grail. In the garden of Gethsmane, before the arrest of Jesus while Jesus was praying (John 17:1-26) (Mark 14:35-39, Mat 26:36-44). Therefore, historical evidence prove that Mary Magdalene as the bearer of Holy Grail whereas Holy Bible New Testament does not carry or state any scripture in this regard neither by Gospel writers nor essentially by Apostle Paul who has written 22 letters on the gospel of Jesus Christ which indicate that it was St. Paul who has brought a daylight to Christianity. 8. Conclusion Whether a fiction or a fact that is based on Dan Brown’s The Da Vinci Code, according to the New Testament, Jesus came into the world as Messiah, â€Å"Behold, a virgin shall be with child, and shall bring forth a son, and they shall call his name Emmanuel, which being interpreted is, God with us (Mat 1:23). The teachings of Jesus especially sermon on the mount Mat 5:1-19, miracles, parables and teachings are closely relevant to this day and the application and implementation of these theories have always given perfect results which is why Christianity is considered to be a fruitful and life giving religion in the world and any contradictory theories to this effect would disappear through the time whereas the teachings of Jesus, the works of Holy Spirit would continue to lead believers. References Bart D. Ehrman, Peter, Paul, and Mary Magdalene http://books.google. co. in/books? id=WsQpdzzC7oMCdq=Mary+Magdalenepg=PP1ots=FFCegubqjvsource=insig=isSozHQC45SGH8zIgm9Q3UUlMhl=ensa=Xoi=book_resultresnum=11ct=result Meera Lester (2005), Mary Magdalene Accessed 5 December, 2008 http://books. google. co. in/books? id=LIMBrOJ0zGgCpg=PA31lpg=PA31dq=Mary+Magdalene+and+Holy+Grailsource=blots=YJoq3ZwQ4ssig=JKSjW0tdg73-fsxgOVsO-LDoc_shl=ensa=Xoi=book_resultresnum=8ct=result Mary Magdalene and The Holy Grail Accessed 5 December, 2008 http://www. newconnexion. net/article/05-05/mary_magdalene. html